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TEMPLE WORK
In reviewing the record of achievements for the year 1929 our hearts are full of grati- tude and appreciation for the fine work done by our sisters in the Temples of the Lord.
The beautiful spirit of service which has inspired so many Relief Society women to in- terest themselves in the work for their kindred is typical of the organization.
We appreciate the difficulties under which they labor and the sacrifice often entailed in accomplishing this purpose.
No more important labor can be under- taken than this for God's Children who had not the privilege themselves, of doing that which means exaltation in Our Father's Kingdom.
We encourage them in this glorious serv- ice which is " twice blest", enriching the one who gives and the one who receives.
The Presidency and General Board Relief Society
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GREETINGS
The first year of the General Relief Society Organization under its present leadership has drawn to a close, and at the beginning of the New Year, it is the desire of the Presidency and General Board to express their love and gratitude to all the sisters.
Sincere thanks go to the Stakes for their fine response and for their cooperation in everything asked of them; the efforts they made to carry out all instructions, and make the conferences success- ful; the uniform care and courtesy extended to the General Board members who feel themselves greatly enriched by the fine contacts they have made in their visits to the Stakes.
The many beautiful messages and Christmas greetings which have come into theoffice, from you dear sisters, constitute a source of great joy. Lov- ing appreciation is expressed to every one for these, and a most fervent prayer is uttered — that our Father's choicest blessing will be with every Relief Society sister throughout the coming year.
The Presidency and General Board Relief Society
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Scotty Anderson and his Dogs ...Frontispiece Greeting and Praise Lula Greene Richards 3 Portrait of Mrs. Elsie E. Barrett
One Sunrise Elsie E. Barrett
Portrait of Mrs. Linnie Fisher Robinson
Extolled Linnie Fisher Robinson
Portrait of Mrs. Margaret Mitchell Caine
A Tribute Annie Wells Cannon
Medical Aspects of the Word of Wisdom
L. Weston Oakes, M. D.
Presidents of Relief Society of Liberty
Stake
Address Dr. Joseph S. Merrill
Prohibition Oscar ^f. McConkie
Training School for Feeble-minded ....
Amy Brown Lyman
Theological Stundies for the Year
Jnlia A. F. Lund
Editorial — The Bright New Year
Eliza Roxey Snow Poem Contest . . .
Prest. Louise Y. Robison Speaks at
General Conference 27
General Board of Relief Society Ex- presses Appreciation of Organist 28
Notes from the Field 29
Guide Lessons for March 31
A Midland Triology Lois V. Hales 53
Organ of the Relief Society of the Church of
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IE
VOL. XVII JANUARY, 1930
Greetings and Praise
For the Year Nineteen Hundred and Thirty.
Grand Centennial, blest year!
As thy dawning doth appear Trusting saints rejoice and praise, while faith expands
With the countless blessings brought
In the great salvation wrought For the Church of Christ through near and distant lands.
Joseph Smith, the child and man
Through whom God revealed the plan And restored to earth the Gospel's saving rays —
Joseph-Prophet, Priest and Seer,
Now we hail the hundredth year Since he formed the Church of Christ of Latter-days.
Rescued from false, worldly pride,
Saints must in the truth abide, True repentance in forgiving hearts maintain.
Thus prepared-wait, watch and pray
For the fast approaching day When the Savior shall in glory come to reign.
Zion's watchmen publish peace,
Temples, power, and grace increase — Lo the glory of her rising lifts the cloud!
Let her sons their tributes bring,
Let her joyous daughters sing, And her little ones shout gladly long and loud.
Yea! let Zion offer praise
For the years and for the days Which are making strong her aged and her youth.
For the wisdom thou hast taught,
The salvation thou hast wrought, O Jehovah! gracious God of light and truth.
Grand Centennial, blest year!
Virtue, love, good- will, and cheer Let the saints of God uphold in all their ways,
To his Prophets' words attend,
Each to all prove staunch, true friend — And to Father, Son, and Holy Ghost all praise.
— Lula Greene Richards.
MRS. ELSIE E. BARRETT
One Sunrise
Mrs. Elsie E. Barrett, Los Angeles, California, Awarded First, Prise in the Eliza R. Snow Memorial Contest
The robes of Dawn
Fast fade to fawn, Night's vigil quickly ending;
Pale orange links
With amber pinks To naples yellow blending;
Rose clouds gold-rimmed
O'er mountains dimmed With dusky shadows fleeting;
Mauve tints that leap
From craig to peak The blue-grey veils are meeting;
Blue pines jade dripped
And golden tipped In purple canyons glowing;
The Valley's shade,
Each bush and blade v The Sun's first rays are showing;
Quick rays that start,
O'er hilltops dart . And pierce the last mist dreaming;
The Day has burst!
The Dawn dispersed SUNRISE in GLORY beaming!
MRS. LINNIE FISHER ROBINSON
Extolled
Mrs. Linnie Fisher Robinson, Salt Lake City, Utah, Awarded Second Prize in the Eliza R. Snow Memorial Contest.
I fashioned me a little rhyme
And made it tender, sweet, and gay;
I filled it full of beauteous thoughts, And dwelt with it the live-long day.
It gave my clouds a lighter hue, And minded me how good God is;
It made each tree a living soul, And every wind a healing kiss.
It covered up a deep, deep scar,
And fought against my loneliness; It was so full of love and cheer I titled it True Friendliness.
Far better than I dreamed, it sang Into the world with golden notes
Where e'er I wander now, I hear The echo as it softly floats,
MRS. MARGARET MITCHELL CAINE
THE
Relief Society Magazine
Vol. XVII JANUARY, 1929 No. 1
A Tribue
Margaret Mitchell Caine
Born August 28, 1859; Died November 6, 1929. By Annie Wells Cannon
"To glorify the common officers of life, that is the grandest part of a woman's work in the world."
Hard as partings are, it is nevertheless a beautiful thought that in merciful tenderness the great Reaper gathers to himself those who have bravely borne life's burdens through long weary years ; those whose loneliness was manifest even amidst the happy throng; those whose nearest and dearest were gone beyond re- call, and yet do well each daily task until the final summons. Such a one has filled life's mission to the fullest, has played her part in life's drama to perfection; with joy indeed can she pass the portals where loved ones await her and receive that just reward given those who have fought "the good fight and kept the faith."
Mrs. Caine was the oldest daughter of Frederick A. and Margaret Mitchell, both active in Church affairs in the 13th Ward in Salt Lake City, where Margaret was born August 28, 1859.
Her father was a successful and prominent merchant, her mother a cultivated and beautiful woman, who outside the home engaged in kindly acts for others less fortunate than herself. She was counselor to Sister Rachel Grant, mother of President Heber J. Grant, in the ward Relief Society, so relief work was something of a heritage to Margaret, who enlisted when quite young in the same cause.
Maggie Mitchell, as her friends and dear ones called her, had a happy and pleasant childhood. The environment of her early years was refined and cultural. In those pioneer days, be- fore the railroad came, there were few homes more comfortably or finely furnisheo! than the Mitchell home, which was always a.
10 RELIEF SOCIETY MAGAZINE
choice gathering place for neighbors and friends. She was a bright, intelligent little girl, surpassing many of her companions in school and Sunday School classes. Her opportunities were as good as the times afforded. She attended the private schools of Mr. Raeger and Miss Mary Cook who taught in the old Social Hall, and later she attended the University of Deseret. For a Sunday School teacher she was favored in having dear Aunt Zina Young, whose angelic influence left its mark on many of her pupils ; for she not only taught to them the Book of Mormon and the gospel, but instilled in their souls an abiding faith in the goodness and mercy of the Lord.
Maggie's father, Brother Frederick A. Mitchell, performed two missions to the Hawaiian Islands, and on the one taken in 1873 took his family with him. Maggie was than 14 years old. She had a circle of playmates of whom she was very fond ; this was the first parting and quite an event to that group of little girls. It had its romance as well as its sadness, for soon there were other partings of the way, never to be again renewed — but now there must be parties and gifts and farewells and promises of letters, just as there are today when one takes a journey, only then it was a much rarer occasion. True to her promise, she wrote home some very interesting letters, which from the pen of one so young were quite remarkable. Descriptions of the foliage, flow- ers, and beauty of the Islands, the grandeur and magnificence of the great Pacific, the fierceness, fury, and thrill of Mauna Loa erupting fire and molten lava — what a spectacle for children to contemplate! But what astounded them most was the fact that they had been superseded by a group of little Kanakas as play- mates.
Shortly after the return from this mission, her father en- gaged in business in Coalville, Summit County, and moved his family there. It was here Maggie met, and was wooed and won by young Alfred Caine, son of Hon. John T. Caine, delegate from Utah to Congress, and business manager for many years of the Salt Lake Herald. This union was happy in every respect and the future looked most promising. The young couple made their abode for a short time in Coalville, then moved to Salt Lake City, where eventually they built a commodious and pretty home. Four little ones came to bless this union, but the shadow of death hovered near and two boys and a lovely little girl died in infancy. This great sorrow actuated all the more the love and tenderness bestowed upon the one son "Fred," who was left to them. When nine short years had passed, her husband, Alfred Caine, died from typhoid fever. Now came the real test of her womanhood, when in her widowed sorrow she had herself and little son to» care for. Bravely she faced the issue and carried on.
When President Heber J. Grant was called to go to Japan
A TRIBUTE 11
to open up that mission, "Fred" Caine was one of the young men called to accompany him. This young man filled a fine mission in Japan, remaining there several years; during that time he acquired a knowledge of the Japanese language and customs and assisted in the translation of the Book of Mormon and several Latter-day Saint hymns into Japanese. After his return from this mission he married and moved to Idaho Falls, where he be- came stake president, honored and beloved by his associates, a credit always to the name he bore and to the teachings of his devoted mother. His untimely death last summer no doubt hastened her demise a few weeks later.
Mrs. Caine lived a useful and busy life, engaging in many varied activities. She was greatly interested in sericulture, being a member of the territorial organization. She not only traveled extensively in the effort to promote this industry and encourage the women to raise cocoons and plant the necessary mulberry trees, but she also did this thing herself and won prizes at the Fair for her fine specimens of silk cocoons and raw silk. She al- so learned to spin and weave the silk. She helped put the meas- ure through the legislature for a bounty on cocoons in order to put the industry on a firm basis, and was among the most active protestants when that act was repealed. At the World's Fair at Chicago in 1893 she had charge of the Utah silk exhibit and demonstrated the procedure of its manufacture. She at that time and during the preparation of Utah's exhibit was private secretary to Mrs. Margaret Blaine Salisbury, chairman for Utah of the Board of Lady Managers.
For a period of six years, from 1902 to 1908, she was ^ member of the General Board of the Relief Society under the presidency of Bathsheba W. Smith. In this capacity she traveled extensively throughout the different stakes, visiting the people and instructing in Relief Society work. She was especially in- terested in the practical nurse work of the organization and a sincere advocate of the gleaning and storing of wheat.
In 1899 Mrs. Caine, in company with Mrs. Emmeline B. Wells, Mrs. Susa Young Gates, and a large group of Utah women, attended the quinquennial of the International Council of Women held in London, and with them was a guest at many brilliant functions given in honor of the delegates to the Council, one of which was the Queen's tea at Windsor Castle. While on this journey she availed herself of the opportunities of visiting historic places in the British Isles, including the city of Edin- burgh, also Shakespeare's home at Stratford-on-Avon, and other shrines connected with the immortal bard.
She was an early ordinance worker in the Salt Lake temple and continued in that work during her entire life, having been at
12 RELIEF SOCIETY MAGAZINE
her post of service until within a few days of her death, covering a period of over thirty years.
She was in politics a Democrat and worked for her party in local primaries and conventions, being rewarded at one time with the position of county auditor.
She was a member of the Reapers' Club and the Utah Wioman's Press Club, giving to both of these organizations her usual earnestness and loyalty.
Hers was a life replete with usefulness and good deeds. Sometimes she may have felt the journey long and life's lessons hard; but her patience, her forbearance, her industry, her faith, gave her an experience that proved a strength and staff to the end of the way.
Such was the nature of Margaret Mitchell Caine. She knew
"How sublime a thing it is to suffer and be strong."
The Rainbow's Ending
If the rainbow spanned a prismy arch,
When I was young and bolder, It spans a golden super-arch
Today when I am older.
If skies were blue when I was young,
With cloud-dust intertwining, Today their blue with gold is spun
And clouds have turned their lining.
If friends were allies in my youth
To joy-dreams of the morrow, Today in tested ranks of truth
They steady me in sorrow.
And so I cull from out the past
A fuller, deeper blending; And in the things that live and last
I find the rainbow's ending.
— Bertha A. Kleinman.
Medical Aspects of the Word of
Wisdom
By L. Weston Oakes, M. D.
A book recently published by the Brigham Young University, written by a member of its medical staff, shows that at the time the revelation known as the "Word of Wisdom" was given there were in the medical world numerous schools based upon different hypotheses concerning the causes of disease, prescribing drugs dosing with alcohol, "stuffing the body with food for one disease and starving it for another," practising "blood-letting and various other uncertain means" for the supposed welfare of the human system.
Then came the Word of Wisdom, declaring against strong drinks, tobacco, the excessive use of meats and other forms of intemperance. This was a direct challenge to the medical learning of that time. Dr. Oakes discusses the subject in five chapters:
Introduction, Alcohol and Humanity, Tobacco and Humanity, The Tea and Coffee Question, Bits of Health Wisdom.
The findings of modern science on the effects of alcohol on the human body, are given in some detail, its effects upon parent- hood and the unborn, upon the nervous system and upon long life, are presented by the testimony of specialists in each of these fields. "A little alcohol, writes one of the authorities, lessens self- consciousness, with the result that the subject speaks without reserve, and without confining himself to what is important. Conversation is diluted with trivialities. We may admit that this is enlivening. But how much the animating potency of wine at banquets, is over-estimated ! There is a simple reason for its undeserved reputation; and this is found in lowered standards of judgment on the part of those who listen to what is said. The ready laughter and applause do not indicate brilliancy on the part of the speaker nearly so often as a readiness to be amused on the part of the listeners. In the midst of such company, the total abstainer feels an amazement verging on disgust, as he observes the demonstrations that greet speeches which in themselves are wholly inane and commonly in bad taste."
The case against tobacco is similarly pungent, powerful and convincing. Young people will do well to read this concise book of 125 pages filled from cover to cover with striking demonstrations of the baneful effects of intemperance.
Address
By Dr. Joseph F. Merrill, Church Commissioner of Education
I feel greatly honored and doubly pleased with the oppor- tunity of coming here, because from one point of view I am talk- ing, practically, to the entire Church.
May I outline to you what religious education the Church is providing? First — I claim it first because it comprehends the entire Church membership from the cradle to the grave — is the Sunday School organization, meeting on the most favorable day in the week, at the most favorable hour of the day, and doing effective work in religious instruction.
As to the opportunities for weekday religious training, one of the first changes I made was to transfer teacher-training from the Department of Education to the Sunday School. Then came the transfer of a large amount of weekday religious training to the Primary Association. Some have asked if I am trying to destroy the Department of Education. It matters not how small the Department of Education becomes, if the changes improve the religious training of the people. The transfer of teacher- training to the Sunday School places teacher-training in charge of the organization best qualified to carry it on.
A survey disclosed that the Primary and the Religion Class work were being duplicated. The majority of the children did not belong to both — they would belong to the one or the other. We decided that it would be better to make one effective than to carry two that were not. Therefore, we have abandoned nothing — I would like that message to get over — of weekday religious training. The Primary organization has the added responsibility of weekday instruction previously given in the elementary grades. The seminaries carry forward the weekday religious training that formerly ended with the sixth grade in the public schools.
What is the junior seminary? It is only Religion Class under a new name for grades 7, 8 and 9 of the public schools. Hereto- fore Religion Class work has ended with the eighth grade. We have had seminaries in the high schools, but there is an increase in the number of high schools. Most of the ninth grade students in Utah, as well as a large portion in Idaho, do not go to senior high school at all, and as we have been previously operating, there was in the ninth grade what one of our teachers called the tragic gap. In this city there are 25,000 junior high school students, few of whom our organizations are reaching, and so it was felt that if we can so organize that we can carry forward this work as effectively as ever, the Religion Class, by including the ninth grade, will be doing more than ever before.
16 RELIEF SOCIETY MAGAZINE
We are trying to effect a junior seminary organization that will begin where the Primary leaves off. One problem occurs where the children are taken to and from school in buses. How can we carry junior seminary work forward there? In certain stakes arrangements have been made for the children to be released from public school in time to get junior seminary training. Some schools report 100 per cent of the students in the junior seminary work. We go to the home and secure their support, without which we know in advance that we shall fail. The response from the homes has been most generous. In the schools, pupils are taught that they must do their own thinking, that they are responsible for themselves. The young people are feeling that new freedom ; therefore we must give them positive religious instruction if we are to hold them.
Senior seminary work comes in the high schools, under the supervision of paid teachers. Today we are serving 87 public institutions — 83 high school groups, and 4 college groups. As means will permit, this seminary work will extend until it reaches every high school and college, junior and senior, where our people attend in sufficient numbers to warrant the establishment of an institution. President Robison's saying that there is nothing so dear to the heart of parents as the training of their children, is proved by the sacrifices the Latter-day Saints have made for it.
May I read from a journal. A university president last June was addressing the graduating class at a baccalaureate service. Two thousand or more young people, ready to receive their de- grees, were in the assembly. The president said:
"One- reason that in educated communities today there is a weakening of the hold which the orthodox religions have on the thoughts and actions of those who are young and independent is the static and ritualistic conception of God and of His word, which those religions insist must be accepted. There are, however, unmistakable signs that the proportion of those who find spiritual enlightenment by blind obedience to vested author- ity is decreasing with great rapidity."
Your young people attending schools and colleges are reading this magazine. Teachers suggest these ideas and assign these topics for your young people to write essays about. There is in this country today a war upon established religion. The thing to do is to arm ourselves in advance. We have one university, six junior colleges, one academy — only eight schools now maintained in the Church ; but we have the seminaries. These offer oppor- tunities for weekday religious instruction for all of the young people they can possibly reach. We shall succeed in accomplish- ing this purpose only with your backing and help, and may you feel keenly alive to the necessity of supporting the Church educa- tional program,
Prohibition
Judge Oscar W. McConkie
On December 18, 1917, the Eighteenth Amendment was sub- mitted to the States by Congress and on January 8, 1918, the first state, Mississippi, ratified it. Nebraska, the last of the first 36 states to approve, ratified on January 16, 1919, whereupon the Secretary of State, by proclamation, made January 29, 1919, caused that it should become effective one year from Nebraska's ratification, or on January 16, 1920. By February 25, 1919, 45 of the states had ratified and on March 9, 1922, New Jersey, the 46th, followed, leaving Connecticut and Rhode Island declining so to do.
The Votes of States and Nation
In a majority of cases the vote of the ratifying states was over- whelming. With the exception of four, New York, Maryland, Montana, and Nevada, the several states passed enforcement acts. With the view of creating machinery within "the government for the Eighteenth Amendment's enforcement, in October, 1919, the Congress passed the Volstead Act. It was vetoed by President Wilson, but so strong was the congressional will that it was imme- diately passed over the President's veto by vote of 176 to 55 in the House and 65 to 20 in the Senate.
At the time the Eighteenth Amendment was ratified twelve states were already bone dry, six by legislative enactment and six by popular vote, while 18 others had state-wide restrictions. All bone-dry laws had been passed after the beginning of the? World War in 1914. The express intention of the Eighteenth Amendment and the enactments that followed was to prohibit the manufacture, sale, barter, transportation, importation, ex- portation, delivery or furnishing of any intoxicating liquors, or the possession thereof, except under the provisions of the law, and the word "liquor" was defined to mean alcohol, brandy, whisky, rum, gin, beer, ale, porter, and wine, and other beverages con- taining one-half of one per cent or more of alcohol.
The Protest of Brewers
After the ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment, R. I. brewery interests retained Elihu Root to contest the law and Charles E. Hughes was chief counsel for the prohibition interests. The matter was fully considered and determined, but agitation did not stop there. With increased vigilance energies were re- newed. Contrary to law, brewer corporations contributed finan- cial aid to wet political organizations. But when the breaking down of constitutional law is the aim, the striking down of statu- tory law seems of small moment to him who rides thus shod. The
18 RELIEF SOCIETY MAGAZINE
appalling compensation of these and kindred efforts — together with the help of well meaning persons who have no apparent vision arid but little understanding — is disrespect for not only this' law but contempt for all law that does not meet individual ap- proval.
Widespread Consumption of Alcoholic Drinks
The fact must not be ignored, also, that there are large num- bers of intelligent and patriotic people who have both vision and understanding but who do not believe that the 18th Amendment is in harmony with the fundamentals of our government. What- ever the reason, it is a fact that many men and women in whom are reposed public trusts, daily violate the law. It is also true that in greater or less degree and in one form or another the use of alcohol has been almost world-old as an article of world- wide consumption. In far-apart countries peoples have used it. Grain, fruit, and milk have long furnished ingredients for its manufacture. Indeed it has been said that one must go to 'the Turks of Asia Minor or to the innermost recesses of the Sahara to find peoples who are free from it.
The Cost of Prohibition
The New York Times has made the claim that eight years of prohibition enforcement cost the government $177,716,000, at the same time pointing to the fact that during the same period only $38,390,889.36 was collected in fines and penalties. The govern- ment, it is said, profited $284,008,512.62 from liquor revenue during the eight years previous to 1918, and that from January 16, 1920, to October 31, 1927, 47 officers and 126 civilians were killed in the enforcement of the law.
The Cost of Crime
Without minimizing the loss of enforcement I refer you to an infinitely greater loss, of which loss the use of alcohol is ad- mitted as one of the positive and approximate causes. In the United States there are 12,000 annual homicides, or more than 2,000 times as many as the number of officers killed in enforcing prohibition. Financial crimes cos+ approximately 250 times as much as the cost of prohibition enforcement. The loss of pro- duction on prisoners is two billion dollars annually. Between nine and ten billion dollars is our annual cost of crime. One million persons are annually committed to penal institutions. The cost of policing the country, detecting crime, convicting persons, caring for them before and after conviction, etc., is three billion dollars annually.
In other words the annual cost of crime to the government and the country is two and one half times the average annual receipts of the government ; is three times the average national budget ; is three times the customs and internal revenue; and is twelve times
PROHIBITION 19
the cost of the army and navy. It is approximately 500 times the entire cost of prohibition enforcement. It is true that human in- telligence cannot determine just what proportion of the expendi- ture of these incomprehensible sums is made necessary because of alcoholic beverages, but it will scarcely be doubted that tjhe proportion is material.
Effects of Alcohol Reverence inspires obedience and intoxicating beverages de- stroy reverence. Irreverence is the mother of crime. How, then, can rational men assert that intoxicating liquors are not responsi- ble, directly and indirectly, for much of the crime that costs the nation such stupendous sums?
- As to the virtue of temperance, we are not left to the wisdom of men. "Behold, verily, thus saith the Lord unto you : In conse- quence of evils and designs which do and will exist in the hearts of conspiring men in the last days, I have warned you, and fore- warn you, by giving unto you this word of wisdom by revelation — That inasmuch as any man drinketh wine or strong drink among you, behold it is not good, neither meet in the sight of your father, only in assembling yourselves together to offer up your sacraments before him."
Change to Better Foods
Milk is one of our most healthful foods. From 1917 to 1924 its consumption increased fifty percent, an increase far exceeding that in population. Increased advertising of its food values part- ly explain the increase, but in the opinion of persons in official position, prohibition has been the important factor in promoting its popularity. Restaurants and hotels substitute it for beverages. On thousands of street corners where liquors were sold, are now orange juice and ice cream stands. Their consumption increased phenomenally with the passing of the saloon. The consumption of ice cream more than doubled. Prevailing mid-day beef steaks served in thousands of saloons passed, salads and sandwiches taking their place. Coffee and tea merchants contemplated a great harvest, but, peculiarly enough, the consumption per capita remained practically the same. Less drinking at meals resulted in lighter eating. Eating habits were transformed, the effect upon health being apparent.
Alcohol Lowers Efficiency
Herbert Hoover, when Secretary of Commerce, ascribed to prohibition an increase of efficiency in the individual worker of the United States of upwards of ten percent. He stated: "There is no question that prohibition is making America more produc- tive." In his annual report of 1925 he reviewed the country's gain in national efficiency since 1920 and credited prohibition as one of the important causes of the increase. I quote, also, Pro- fessor Thomas Nixon Carver, eminent Harvard University au-
20 RELIEF SOCIETY MAGAZINE
thority: "I am convinced," said he, "that one important factor in promotion, in maintaining a scarcity of high grade men, and at the same time increasing the superabundance of low grade men, is drink. Drunkenness, or anything that tends to destroy a man's dependability, would tend to prevent his promotion or cause his demotion, thus increasing the congestion in the lower occupations. Anything which makes for sobriety should, other things equal, increase the rate of promotion, and thus relieve the congestion at the bottom." A survey of manufacturing plants and industrial centers revealed that the workers were, since pro- hibition, taking more interest in sports, week-end vacations and daily recreation, thus materially increasing their efficiency and adding to their energy.
Gain in Real Values
Notwithstanding clamor to the contrary, it is asserted by students that infinitely less money is now spent annually for liquor than before prohibition. Savings banks reported an in- crease in depositors from an annual average of a few million when prohibition came, to 46,762,240 in 1926. A survey of insurance companies showed that the heads of families were at home nights in far greater numbers after prohibition began, and industrial concerns reported material decline in loss from accidents. With prohibition the financial burden of the states in caring for de-< pendent children, in cases where intemperance was the approxi- mate cause, decreased approximately fifty percent. Real estate values, formerly cheapened by adjoining saloons, increased and where there had been naught but buy and drink there was sub- stituted investment and the desire for more investment.
Indeed, just as man's blood reaches every part of the physical body, so does the use of intoxicating liquor fasten itself upon every parcel of the temporal structure. An indictment against it would charge that it not only damages the nerves, acts as a narcotic, weakens the heart, lowers resistance, hinders immunity, increases typhoid mortality, lessens nerve sensibility, impairs judgment, detracts from nerve and muscle power, lowers blood pressure, causes irritation and checks digestion, smothers spirit- uality and destroys reverence, but would also charge that it isj equally harmful to the economic structure.
Prof. Fisher wrote : "The mental worker who takes alcohol voluntarily puts a yoke upon himself. He limits the exercise of his faculties ; for he cannot judge so wisely, will so forcefully, think so clearly, as when his system is free from alcohol. The athlete who takes alcoholic liquor is similarly handicapped ; for he is not free to run so fast, jump so high, pitch a baseball so, accurately as when his system is free from the drug. Any one who has become a 'slave to alcohol' has lost the very essence of personal liberty."
PROHIBITION 2i
Enforcement is Ihe Problem I have sought to speak only of the temporal side of alcohol and have said nothing about state sovereignty, individual liberties or the wisdom or lack of wisdom of making the 18th Amendment a part of the Constitution. Our problem is an enforcement problem. Law will not execute itself. It is not enough to simply refrain from the violation of law. We must be aggressive. Evi- dence must be found and prosecutions begun. If we are unwill- ing or too indolent to lend ourselves to that end then the law will lie prostrate.
Where all men favor a law, there is no enforcement problem. In the case at issue millions of our citizens are not in present; accord with it. Therein lies our greatest difficulty. We can devote ourselves to its enforcement. Because of the "designs which do and will exist in the heart? of conspiring men in the last days" it is necessary that we do so.
Resolution to Uphold the Prohibition Law
By Counselor Julia A. Child
One of our Articles of Faith says : "We believe in being subject to kings, presidents, rulers, and magistrates, in obeying, honoring, and sustaining the law."
I feel that, to a great extent, it rests with the mothers as to how this 18th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States is carried out. As mothers, if we are united, we can do a very great deal in enforcing that law, and I should like to present for consideration a resolution to be adopted by the members of this organization.
Resolution
WHEREAS there is widespread disrespect for and num- erous violations of the 18th Amendment to our national consti- tution, which prohibits the manufacture, possession or use of in- toxicating liquor,
AND WHEREAS the National Woman's Relief Society of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints views with alarm and sorrow the many evil consequences of such disrespect and such violations which, if continued, will destroy human life and happiness, and also undermine confidence in government: Therefore
BE IT RESOLVED that the organization calls upon all its members to live in strict accord with both the letter and the spirit of the prohibition law in their homes and in all other places, and that they use every proper endeavor to persuade others to do likewise, to the end that peace and safety may De assured, and that loyalty to law and government may prevail.
Training School for the Feeble-Minded
£3/ Counselor Amy Brown Lyman
I feel that a brief report of the work of the Commission, appointed to select a site for the Utah State Training School for the Feeble-minded, is due the Relief Society women.
At the last session of the legislature, a law was passed pro- viding for such an institution and carrying an appropriation of $300,000. You will recall the part the Relief Society women took in helping to bring about the passage of the bill, by personally interviewing your legislators and by circulating petitions.
Soon after the close of the legislative session, the Governor appointed a commission of five to select a site. The members are: Governor George H. Dern, chairman; Mr. D. A. Skeen of Salt Lake City; Mayor John Booth of Spanish Fork; Mr. Roy Thatcher of Ogden ; Mrs. Amy Brown Lyman of Salt Lake City.
The commission sought advice from states having such an institution, and applied to the Director of the Experiment Sta- tion of the Agricultural College for a soil expert and a hydraulic engineer to give expert advice as to soil, water, drainage, and sewage. Letters were written also to individuals who were ex- perts in these matters. As the Governor had already planned to attend a convention of Governors in Boston, and as the secretary of the commission was scheduled to attend a bar convention in the East, it was easy and inexpensive for them to visit some of the outstanding institutions.
Director P. V. Cardon of the Agricultural College, with Pro- fessor Clyde, hydraulic engineer, and Doctors Jennings and Stew- art, soil experts, accompanied the commission in investigating sites. Two additional experts, Dr. Allen, superintendent of the Vermont State Training School, and Dr. Calder of Los Angeles, a native Utahn, also assisted. The aid of these physicians, both psychiatrists excellently trained and with long experience in in- stitutional work, was invaluable to the commission.
Some of the decisions reached were:
1. That the school be located as near as possible to the center of population of the State; near the seat of government, the medical school, and social agencies ; also near the best transporta- tion facilities and the sources of supply.
2. That the school should be near a city or town, so that employees can easily have interests in, and identify themselves with, the community, thus insuring the best type of employees and instructors.
3. That the site should have at the outset enough land to provide for future growth. (Some authorities claim that there
TRAINING SCHOOL FOR THE FEEBLE-MINDED 23
should be one acre per child, and others half an acre; we should have about six or seven hundred acres of land.)
4. That the land should be fertile, and able to produce all kinds of grain.
5. That a water supply, adequate for both irrigation and culinary purposes, is very important. (Some of the sites offered have been eliminated because of scarcity of water.)
It is hoped that this institution will eventually be largely self- sustaining; hence there must be in connection with it farming, gardening, dairying, fruit raising. In such institutions it is the practice to have practically all the work done by the pupils.
The commission has visited more than thirty sites, making notes and observations ; and when the site is finally selected, you may know that, in the opinion of the commission, it will be the best location available.
The state law provides for two departments in the institu- tion: a school department, for instruction and training for those within the school age, or who are capable of being benefited by school instruction ; a custodial department, which will consist of those beyond school age, or not capable of being benefited by school instruction. The latter group will be given training in unskilled labor, kindergarten work, arts, crafts, etc.
The law states also that this institution is not for feeble- minded convicts or defective delinquent children. Regarding feeble-mindedness, I should like to state that just a few of us are entirely able-bodied, so most of us go through life more or less mentally handicapped. Between the mental disability of which the possessor may never be conscious, and so-called feeble mind- edness, there are all possible gradations, and all of us fit in; somewhere along the line.
Psychiatrists tell us that a so-called feeble-minded person differs from the normal person only in learning ability, and that the principles of mental hygiene apply to him just as they do to the rest of society ; that we all have the same emotional problems. The aim of society is to assist the child of slow learning ability to good personality development and to success.
When the child of poor learning ability attends regular schools, he soon comes to feel inferior, losing self respect and self confidence, both of which are essential to mental health. So it is recommended that those with slow learning ability be placed in ability groups rather than in so-called defective classes. In fact, it is the idea of modern education that all children should be placed in groups with others of like ability. This enables pupils to go fast or slow, just as they are able, and keeps them from making dismal failures. Failure, to the pupil of slow learn- ing ability, is^ just as tragic as it is to the normal child.
The basic idea, then, of a training school for the feeble-
24 RELIEF SOCIETY MAGAZINE
minded, is to make it possible for the pupils to learn just as they are able to learn, and what they are able to learn — in other words to give them exactly the right opportunity. With such a special state school, and with opportunity for special classes in the regular schools for retarded pupils, all children should have opportunity to do what they are capable of doing.
I have been authorized by the state commission to express officially to you the appreciation of the commission for the ex- cellent work you. have done in helping to secure this much needed institution, and to thank you, in their behalf, for your aid. I think Relief Society women could do nothing finer than to help to better opportunity those who lack initiative and ability to work for themselves.
Theological Studies for the Year
By General Secretary Julia A. F. Lund
It has been suggested that I make a few remarks on the; theological study selected for the Relief Society for this present year.
The Relief Society feels that, within the scope of its organi- zation, it affords a wonderful place for theological education. The tide of a nation's life can rise no higher than its woman- hood ! The mother holds the strategic position in the home ; in the life of the people, therefore, it is necessary that she be versed in lines of study that are vital in life. There is no more import- ant subject than that of theology. Man cannot live by bread alone, but by every word that proceedeth from the mouth of God. We feel that our mothers should be informed in this knowledge of the word of God.
I would like to refer to the Article of Faith that says, "We believe the Book of Mormon to be the word of God." We have taken it as the subject of our studies. As we approach the one hundredth anniversary of the organization of the Church, let us give attention to this marvelous book. It is a source of great satisfaction, and a great stimulant in the promotion and develop- ment of our faith that we can turn our attention to the founda- tion stones upon which our faith is reared.
During past years we have given study to the Hebrew scrip- tures, the life of the Savior as portrayed in the New Testament, the gospel dispensations, and many other interesting fields, and now it seems proper to review and refresh our memories with a more intimate knowledge of this great book of scripture. Our faith is the most vital power in our life today ; it is the great judg- ment-forming institution of life, supplying the objective for our best efforts. It gives us the force and the power to face lifei in the blackest situations.
THEOLOGICAL STUDIES FOR THE YEAR 25
We propose to study the Book of Mormon in the light of the knowledge we may have had in the past, to correlate it with our knowledge of the Testament studies, and to see in both the life of the Savior, with the inspiration which will come from that study.
It has been suggested in the preview that we first read the Book of Mormon thoroughly to gain a picture of the work in its fulness. Step by step, as we read of their development, we can see in the calling of Lehi much the same purpose as in the calling of Abraham. Along with Abraham, as the Lord spoke to him face to face and told him of the mighty spirits in heaven, we like to think of Lehi as being among this group, and we would trace the people from their small beginning to the mighty nation de- veloped upon the American continent.
We touch the marvelous romance, the great dramatic situa- tions, and the marvelously interesting events. Then, perhaps dur- ing the second year of the study, we can give more particular at- tention to the doctrinal phases of the Book of Mormon. Though in any study of the Book of Mormon we cannot miss the spiritual life that breathes from every page, yet in this second year o*f study we direct more attention to the principles of the gospel as they are set forth in the lives of the great leaders — Lehi and Nephi. The third year could perhaps be devoted to a study of the divine authenticity of the book, as it is reflected through the internal and external evidences that are developing day by day. The Book of Mormon, from the standpoint of theological teach- ing is one of the most perfect books ever written ; it gives us the gospel in its purity and strength, and we would have our women know it through the reading and research that they themselves can give.
The Book of Mormon has been with us for more than one hundred years; it has been the target for adverse criticism and for ridicule — the most dreadful intellectual weapon that can be wielded ; but it stands today unanswerable, undisputed in its divine Authenticity. We would know this book ; we would know of the beautiful things that are therein contained, and we believe that our women can know them if they will follow the advice of the book itself: "Behold I would exhort you that when ye shall read these things, if it be wisdom in God that ye should read them, that ye would remember how merciful the Lord hath been unto the children of men, from the creation of Adam, even down until the time that ye shall receive these things, and ponder it in youir hearts. And when ye shall receive these things, I would exhort you that ye would ask God, the eternal Father, in the name of Christ, if these things are not true; and if ye shall ask with a sincere heart, with real intent, having faith in Christ, he will manifest the truth of it unto you, by the power of the Holy Ghost ; and by the power of the Holy Ghost ye may know the truth of all things/'
THE RELIEF SOCIETY OF THE CHURCH OF JESUS CHRIST OF LATTER-DAY SAINTS
Motto — Charity Never Faileth
THE GENERAL BOARD
MRS. LOUISE YATES RORISON President
MRS. AMY BROWN LYMAN First Counselor
MRS. JULIA AILEMAN CHILD Second Counselor
MRS. JULIA A. r LUND .... General Secretary and Treasurer
Mrs. Emma A. Empey Mrs. Lotta Paul Baxter Mrs. Nettie D. Bradford
Mrs. Jeanette A. Hyde Mrs. Cora L Bennion Mr9. Elise B. Alder
Miss Sarah M. McLelland Mrs. Amy Whipple Evans Mrs. Inez K. Allen Mrs. Annie Wells Cannon Mrs. Ethel Reynolds' Smith Mrs. Ida P. Beal Mrs. Jennie B. Knight Mrs. Rosannah C. Irvine Mrs. Kate M. Rarker
Mrs. Lalene H. Hart Miss Alice Louise Reynolds Mrs. Marcia K. Howells
Mrs. Lizzie Thomas Edwards, Music Director
RELIEF SOCIETY MAGAZINE
Editor Alice Louise Reynold!
Manager - Louise Y. Robison
Assistant Manager Amy Brown Lyman
Room 20, Bishop's Building, Salt Lake City, Utah Magazine entered as «econd-class matter at tne Post Office, Salt Lake City, Utah
Vol. XVII JANUARY, 1930 No. 1
EDITORIAL
The Bright New Year ,
With the dawning of the New Year 1930, every Latter-day Saint will be transported in spirit, for this dawning means the review of a century of achievement in Church and in world pro- gress. It marks the passing of the greatest century that this world has ever known. The ushering in of the new year will rivet the thought of Latter-day Saints on April 6, 1830, when six persons were organized into the Church, which has been the pride, the hope, of thousands through the years that have gone.
We are living in a day of unprecedented progress, in busi- ness; nevertheless business has a larger concern for human wel- fare than it has ever had before in history. Men who have amassed fortunes seem anxious that their accumulations of wealth shall be used in some definite way for human better- ment. One may elect to contribute money for the banishment of disease not yet conquered; another, for afleviation of human misery where there is much poverty ; others have their hearts set on the abolition of crime; while still others feel it incumbent upon them to do everything in their power to destroy war.
All these things are heralds of a better day; consequently the close of this first century in the history of the Church is but the dawning of another brighter day. A hundred years have
EDITORIAL 27
virtually given to us a new heaven and a new earth ; yet the new century that bursts into being will have for us other and better things. Just now the peace dove hovers near. May the new year give added strength to a movement so worthy.
At the head of our greatest governments are two men who have literally come up through the toils to the first place. They are filled with the milk of human kindness, anxious to better the conditions of humanity. President Hoover's work for children, has behind it a force for regeneration that cannot be measured, while Premier Ramsey Macdonald's sympathetic nature is seeking to sound the depths of British suffering to the end of its amelior- ation ; and these two great historical figures are combining for the abolition of war.
The Eliza Roxey Snow Poem Contest
We are particularly happy to report that sixty-nine poems were entered for the 1929 poetry contest — an increase of nine- teen poems over last year. Mrs. Elsie E. Barrett, well known throughout the State for her painting and sketching, is the winner of the first prize. She is at present living in Los Angeles, Cali- fornia.
The second prize is awarded to Mrs. Linnie Fisher Robinson of Salt Lake City. Honorable mention is given to Merling D. Clyde of Price, Utah ; Josephine M. Duncan of Springville, Utah ; and Miranda Walton of Woodruff, Utah.
In the contest one feature especially pleasing to the Board is the fact that the winners have come from varied localities in the Church. Last year the winner of the first prize was from Colorado ; the winner of the second prize, from California. One year the second prize was won by a lady living in Longview, Washington. Twice honorable mention has gone to persons liv- ing on the other side of the Atlantic, and once to Canada.
The judges for the 1929 contest were Mrs. Jennie B. Knight of the General Board, Dr. Sherman B. Neff, head of the English Department of the University of Utah, and Miss Kate Thomas, a well known writer of the State.
The Magazine is pleased once again to congratulate the winners in the Eliza R. Snow Poetry Contest.
President Louise Y. Robison Speaks at General Conference
Much appreciated by the women of the Church was an in- novation that occurred at the recent general conference in the Salt
28 RELIEF SOCIETY MAGAZINE
Lake Tabernacle, October 4-6, 1929. President Grant called to the stand President Louise Y. Robison of the Relief Society, President Ruth May Fox of the Young Ladies' Mutual Improve- ment Association, and President May Anderson of the Primary Association. They were each invited to occupy a few moments of the time.
This is the first time in the history of the Church that the heads of these three important organizations affecting so vitally the work of women and children in the Church, have been called to speak in a general conference. Sister Robison was first, and, as a result, had the least time to adjust to a situation so wholly new. Yet she was equal to the occasion. Her voice carried through the vast auditorium, and her testimony was heard, not only by the thousands in the audience before her, but by the tens of thousands of radio listeners all over the land.
This innovation, due largely to the fact that amplifiers and other mechanical devices convey a voice of ordinary power long distances, is but another of the blessings we receive from the sci- entific age in which we live. In the recognition given to our President as the representative of the great Relief Society, we ex- perience a feeling of rejoicing and congratulation. We trust that the future holds more such occasions for the women of our Church who carry such significant responsibility.
General Board of Relief Society Expresses Appreciation to Organist
Edna Coray, for twenty-three years organist for the General Board of the Relief Society, has recently severed her connection with the organization. Her marriage made the resignation im- perative, as she has moved out of the State.
Mrs. Edna Coray Dyer has rendered very efficient and very exceptional service. Mrs. Lizzie Thomas Edward, director of the choir, states that she is one of the best all-round musicians in this part of the country, talented and trustworthy. "If I asked/' says Mrs. Edward, "that a key be lowered or raised for any se- lection, she could do it on the instant/' To talent she added loyalty and dependability, so that the director of the choir knew that she would always be on hand when called for, and she al- ways was on hand.
The Relief Society, its officers and members, take this oppor- tunity of expressing their grateful appreciation to Mrs. Dyer for her efficient and faithful services. We feel that in every respect she has been exemplary and we wish her a fulness of joy in her new life, praying that God will add abundant blessings.
Notes from the Field
Annual Dues:
With the spirit of hearty cooperation, so characteristic of the stakes, the suggestions of the General Board in reference to the Annual Dues were very generally carried into effect. There have been, during the past year, many changes in the stake organiza- tions, and a number of questions in relation to the payment of annual dues have come into the office. It is therefore deemed ad- visable to quote a few instructions that are necessary for this piece of work.
Dues in the Relief Society consist of fifty cents a year — twenty-five cents of which is forwarded to the General Board, to be used for the general maintenance of the Relief Society ; the other twenty-five cents is retained in the stake organization to be used for its maintenance. The annual membership dues should be paid in advance in January of each year. For example, the dues for 1930 should be paid in January, 1930. The dues should he sent to the stake secretary not later than February 28. The stake secretary should then forward the portion due to the Gen- eral Board to the General Secretary by March 31, retaining the remainder for stake purposes.
Where members are enrolled in the Relief Society for the first time, it is expected that they pay their membership dues for the year in which they were admitted ; however, when new mem- bers enter the organization after September 30, the dues paid at this time should be considered as covering the remainder of the year and the following year. For the convenience of the secre- tary in checking the payment of dues, a column has been provided on the right-hand side of the roll for this purpose.
REORGANIZATIONS
Since the October conference, reports of reorganizations in some of the stakes, also changes in the personal of the officers, have reached the office.
Bannock Stake :
Mrs. Minnie L. Sorensen was released, after vears of faithful service. Mrs. Cora Cooper was called to take Mrs. Sorensen's place as president, with Mrs. Pond and Mrs. Lydia Hilten as counselors.
It has always been a matter of congratulation to Bannock stake to consider the fine leadership shown in Relief Society work. Sister Sorensen was fully alive to the probletris before her, her
30 RELIEF SOCIETY MAGAZINE
term as president showing great development and reflecting real credit upon the stake. The good wishes of the General Board and all the people of the stake accompany Mrs. Sorensen in her re- tirement; and the hearty cooperation and support that have been characteristic of her administration we are sure will come to Mrs. Cooper and her corps of officers.
Liberty Stake:
In the calling of Mrs. Hazel H. Greenwood to the General Board of Relief Society, the problem of new leadership was sug- gested for Liberty stake, and Mrs. Ida S. Rees, who for many years has filled the position as first counselor, was called to suc- ceed Mrs. Greenwood. Mrs. Rees has chosen Mrs. Ruby W. Henderson, first counselor; Mrs. Retta S. Neff, second counselor; and Mrs. Edith R. Christensen has been retained as secretary- treasurer. The stake is fortunate in the choice of able and cap- able leaders, and the congratulations and best wishes of the Gen- eral Board and the people generally go to Mrs. Rees and to the stake.
Lost River Stake :
The removal of Mrs. Mary E. Black from her home in the Lost River stake to Logan, has been the occasion for a change. Mrs. Black is a woman of very great ability and a real Relief So- ciety leader. The stake, however, is to be congratulated upon the new officers, who have been chosen : for president, Mrs. Eliz- abeth Hoggan; first counselor, Mrs. Mary A. Jeppesen; second counselor, Mrs. Veda J. Waddoups ; secretary-treasurer, Mrs. Jo- sephine Toombs (retained). In assuming their duties as officers these sisters have the very best wishes of the General Board and of the Relief Society.
Pioneer Stake:
The last reorganization to be fully reported was from Pioneer stake, Mrs. Lettie T. Cannon being released, and the following executive officers sustained: Mrs. Edna T. Matson, president; Mrs. Lanora S. Hyde, first counselor ; Mrs. Florence Burton,second counselor; Mrs. Amelia Bissell, secretary-treasurer. Sister Can- non and her able associates have left a record of undoubted achievements.
The love and best wishes of the General Board and the people of their stake are extended to them. The Pioneer stake Relief Society is to be congratulated upon its new leaders, and we are sure the same fine cooperation and hearty support will be given them by the people.
Guide Lessons for March
LESSON I
Theology and Testimony
(First Week in March) BOOK OF MORMON
Lesson 6. A Nephite Colony
In this lesson, which covers the matter between pages 181 and 212 of the Book of Mormon, we have a continuity which we have not had in any of the lessons thus far studied. It is mainly narrative — the story of one of the Nephite colonies. But in order to understand the whole situation, it is necessary to know certain historical facts in connection with Nephite migrations.
1. Zarahemla and the Land of Nephi. As has been hinted already once or twice, it is not very material just where the places mentioned in the Book of Mormon were in the absolute sense. About all we can now hope to do is to locate these places with re- spect to one another. To be sure, it would be helpful if we could put our finger on our present map of the Americas and say with confidence, "Zarahemla was here" and "The Land of Nephi was there." But as we cannot do that, we must do the next best thing, which is to locate the Book of Mormon places relatively.
The Land of Zarahemla is where we find King Mosiah, father of King Benjamin, about one and a quarter centuries be- fore Christ. Yet King Mosiah was born in the Land of Nephi. How does all this come about?
On the death of Lehi, Laman became murderous in his pur- pose to rule, and he embittered his followers toward Nephi and Nephi's friends. So Nephi, warned of God, took all his friends and their belongings into the wilderness, where they might live in comparative peace and safety. Doubtless they did not go any great distance away from their first home. That is why their enemies found them presently, and renewed their dis- turbance. And so Nephi moved again. These removals were rather numerous, we are led to believe, and continued long after Nephi's death — continued, in fact, as long as his people were unable to resist the encroachments of the Lamanites. They hap- pened, however, these removals, within what is very generally termed in the Record, the Land of Nephi, named after their first great leader.
Within this territory, probably the last removal before Mo-
32 RELIEF SOCIETY MAGAZINE
siah Fs time, was a smaller district called by the same name, the Land of Nephi, but sometimes also called Lehi-Nephi. It was here that Mosiah I lived and reigned in his earlier years.
As often occurred among the Nephites, the people were di- vided as to their disposition and works. Some were what the Book of Mormon calls "wicked," and others were "righteous." Besides, the Lamanites were becoming more and more trouble- some. And so the Lord instructed Mosiah to take all those who would go with him out into the "wilderness", and He would lead them to a place of safety. This Mosiah did. We are not informed how many remained behind nor what became of them. But this fact we must not lose sight of — that it was the Land of Nephi or Lehi-Nephi which Mosiah I and his people abandoned.
Now the place to which the Lord guided these emigrants was called the Land of Zarahemla. But Zarahemla, too, had a larger and a smaller territory called by the same name, with a city of the same name, situated in the heart of the smaller district. And it had a numerous population, under the rule of a man named Zara- hemla. These people were also Israelites, probably of the tribe of Judah, who had come to America under divine guidance not a great while after the Lehites landed in America. Having come here without records of any kind, their religious habits had de- generated to a point where they no longer believed in God, and their language had become so corrupted that Mosiah's people could not understand them. All this had taken place in about four hundred years. The two people became one, with the ruler of the superior as head of the government.
And here we come to the lesson of today.
2. The Zeniif Colony. As time went on, those who had left relatives and friends in the old home, naturally wanted to know what had become of them. You know how it would be. For religion often divides husbands and wives, sweethearts and lovers, parents and children, brothers and sisters. It is assured- ly a two-edged sword, as we are told in the Good Book.
Well, one of these anxious ones was a man named Zeniff: Zeniff says of himself, as you will read in the Record, that he was "taught in all the language of the Nephites," that he had "a knowledge of the Land of Nephi", and that he was by profession a spy for the Nephite army in their encounters with the Laman- ites.
In this business of spying out the enemy's secrets — and this is an interesting point — he had learned that the Lamanites were not such a bad lot after all. And so he was for entering into a treaty with them and teaching them the ways of peace and civil- ization through ideas rather than the sword. A very good suggestion, as we think today. But the "ruler" — by which term it is presumed he meant the head of the army — would have none
GUIDE LESSONS FOR MARCH 33
of it. Being "an austere and blood-thirsty man," we are told, he was not only against the idea, but against the man who suggested the idea. And so Zeniff had to be rescued by his fellow soldiers. He was avenged, however — if he needed vengeance — by the great slaughter of Nephite forces in their encounters with the Laman- ites, for the "greatest number of our army was destroyed", and the survivors went home to tell the tale to the widows and orphans. A wonderful lot of romance, philosophy, adventure, emotion, what not is packed away in those twenty-five lines about Zeniff before his great adventure to the southland.
3. This Picture and That. The Nephite Record abounds in contrasts — contrast of character, of ideas, of setting, of emo- tions, of everything in fact. One of the most illuminating of these is the character of King Benjamin set beside that of King Noah.
Noah had the usual kingly impression that he was of better clay than his subjects ; Benjamin, that he had come from the same mold as those he ruled. Accordingly, while Benjamin earned his own living by hard work and did only what he thought was for the best good of his people, Noah taxed his subjects heavily in order that he might live sumptuously in "spacious buildings," ruling from a costly throne and surrounded by a group of cor- rupt, hypocritical sycophants. Benjamin saw to it that his home was a source of pleasure and benefit to his children; Noah had "wives and concubines," and encouraged a life of harlotry in his priests. The difference lay in their conflicting root qualities. The ideal of Noah, if it can be termed an ideal, was selfishness ; that of Benjamin was service. And see how they ended — the one in a peaceful bed, surrounded by a nation of weeping friends; the other in bundles of faggots, set on fire by a host of infuriated enemies.
4. Community of the Spirit:. One of the singular things about the Nephite prophets is that they seem to have known as much as, and some of them more than, we do about our Savior. And yet they lived, most of them, hundreds of years before his advent. This is especially true of King Benjamin, whose life we studied in the last lesson, and of Abinadi, of whom we read in this lesson. And the delightful thing about it all is the great clear- ness of the views expressed. Here are some of the high water marks in the teachings of Abinadi *
(a) His views of Christ. Opinion is divided today among Christians as to whether Jesus was divine or not. Indeed it is coming to be more and more the sentiment of people that He was not. And this in the face of a belief in the New Testament. But there can be no two opinions on the subject with those who accept the Book of Mormon. "God himself," Abinadi says, "shall come down among the children of men, and shall redeem his people.
34 RELIEF SOCIETY MAGAZINE
And because He dwelleth in the flesh, he shall be called the Son of God." And this agrees with what Benjamin said before him,
that "the Lord Omnipotent who is from all eternity, shall
come down from heaven among the children of men, and shall
dwell in a tabernacle of clay And He shall be called Jesus
Christ, the Son of God, the Father of heaven and earth, the Cre- ator of all things."
(b) His views of the law of Moses. These are clarity it- self compared with what we find in the Old Testament, and are on a par with the utterances in the New Testament on the sub- ject. "It is expedient," he says to Noah's priests, "that ye should keep the law of Moses as yet, but the time shall come when it shall no more be expedient to keep the law of Moses." This "strict law," he further explains, was given to the Children of Israel because "they were a stiff-necked people." And he calls it "a law of performances and ordinances," a law to keep them in remembrance of the Lord. It was a type, a shadow of things to come.
(c) His Views on Redemption. All men are "carnal, sen- sual, devilish," subjecting themselves to the devil, although they know good from evil. This has come about through the "fall" of our first parents. Now, unless something occurred to redeem them from the consequences of this "fall," all mankind would be lost "endlessly." But God has provided a means of redemp- tion through Christ's death and resurrection. It is effective, however, only where man repents and mends his ways ; for if he "persists in his own carnal nature," he is as if "there was no re- demption made." Christ breaks the bands of death, robbing the grave of its victory. And so "there is a resurrection" from the dead, and "this mortal shall put on immortality, and this cor- ruption shall put on incorruption."
It is all as clear in the mind of A.binadi as if he were speak- ing of the events after they had taken place. This is the true fellowship of the Spirit, the communion of souls that have drunk of the same all-pervading influence, though separated by hundreds of years in time. Christ is eternally the same, whether He speaks to Moriancumr on the mount, to King Benjamin through an angel, to the poetic intelligence of Isaiah, to a humble farm-boy in the nineteenth century, looking for light and wisdom — they are all one in spirit and purpose and heart.
Questions
1. Tell how the Nephites came to Zarahemla. Who was their leader? Whom did they find there? What was their con- dition after four hundred years?
2. Contrast King Benjamin and King Noah. Who was Zeniff?
GUIDE LESSONS FOR MARCH 35
3. Describe the conditions of ZenifFs colony under Zeniff and under Noah. How do you account for the difference?
4. Who was Abinadi? What kind of man would you think him to be from what he says and does? Was his fine ex- position of doctrine wasted on the priests? Explain.
5. Who was Alma? Describe his character from the things he does in the text.
6. Who was Ammon? Limhi? Gideon?
LESSON II
Work and Business
TEACHERS' TOPIC FOR MARCH
(This topic is to be given at the special teachers' meeting the first
week in March)
COURAGE
I. Courage enables us to encounter danger and difficulties fearlessly.
It makes us stronger, braver, and more resolute. "Be of good courage, and he shall strengthen your heart, all ye that hope in the Lord." — Psalms 31 :24. II. Moral courage or the courage of one's convictions.
a. Joseph Smith the Prophet Inception of Relief Society movement.
b. The L. D. S. missionaries.
c. Pioneers.
d. Historical examples among women.
1. Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, in the face of ridicule, worked for women's suffrage.
2. Harriet Beecher Stowe worked for the abolition of slavery.
3. Florence Nightingale, first as well as one of the greatest of war nurses, devoted her life to the care of the sick.
III. Physical Courage — the type displayed by the soldier.
a. David, the shepherd lad who slew the great Goliath.
b. Washington at Valley Forge.
c. Examples from the World War.
IV. Everyday Courage.
a. Do daily tasks cheerfully.
b. Make brave decisions.
c. Go on with our work, even though unjust things are said of us.
d. Seize opportunities with eagerness and zeal.
"If I want to be a happy, useful citizen, I must be brave — This means I must be brave enough and strong
36 RELIEF SOCIETY MAGAZINE
enough to control what I Hiink and what I say and what I do." — Colliers. "Be strong! We are not here to play, to dream, to drift ; We have hard work to do and loads to lift; Shun not the struggle — face it 'Tis God's Gift."— M. D. Babcock. V. Courage to observe Church standards.
a. Is of vital importance in Relief Society work.
b. Is a positive force in character building.
Two Artists
Two Artists stood at the dawn of day Where the way of life before them lay ; Each felt the urge that is heaven lent To whom the God of Arts hath sent.
Said the first, "I will paint for the world to see A masterpiece of artistry; At my touch, all men and the crowned king Will hold my name, and my praise will sing !"
So he caught its gleam from the golden cloud, And the ocean's blue, and the morn-mist's shroud ; Then with master stroke he flung them high — A scene of grandeur beneath the sky.
The crowds came fast with praises free ; The Artists gazed at his artistry — But when he viewed what his hand had wrought, 'Twas not the thing himself had sought.
The second, too, would win high place, An honored name in the world's great race ; He, too, would work ; his highest goal To put on his canvas a bit of soul.
He wrought all day with patient skill. He wrought all day with his brush, until A little child with tear-filled eye And quivering lips came slowly by.
Then the Artist turned from his mastery, For his soul was filled with sympathy ; And then, with tender touch and mild, He drew a sketch for the little child.
Till the baby smiled and raised his eyes In all of a baby's glad surprise. The Artist, thrilled with loves increase, Knew not — that the sketch was his masterpiece.
—Alice Morrill,
GUIDE LESSONS FOR MARCH 37
LESSON III. Literature
(Third Week in March) AUTOBIOGRAPTHY OF JOAQUIN MILLER 24 PT HS
The Autobiography of Cincinnatus Hiner (sometimes writ- ten Heine) "Joaquin" Miller has been published in various places and will probably be available in almost any library in the country. Volume one of Joaquin Miller's Poems, published in 1917 by the Harr Wagner Publishing Company of San Francisco, is a con- venient one to use, if available.
Joaquin Miller was a strange being, so strange that even Western people who should know him best scarcely know him at all. This is due partly to his reported eccentricities and partly to the fact that it has been popular among critics either to distort the peculiarities or else to ignore him entirely. Now that he has joined the immortals, perhaps a calmer, saner attitude will be taken toward him and his work.
His autobiography is a naive statement of his experiences. It is not long and gives no very adequate picture of him; but with his poems, which he says are foot-notes to his life, it does round into something like a complete likeness. His habit of calling his father papa throughout the autobiography adds to the spirit of simplicity, causing the reader to wonder if the poet ever did grow into manhood.
That he felt the American attitude toward him and his works to be unfair is indicated early in his notes. He says, "In dedi- cating this final edition of my poems to the memory of my par- ents, please let me introduce them to you, and, incidentally, in- troduce myself ; for it really seems to me that from the day I was suddenly discovered and pointed out in London I have been an entire stranger in my own land — the land I have loved, lived for, battled for from the first. As for that red-shirted and hairy man bearing my name abroad and "standing before kings", I never saw him, never heard of him until on returning to my own country I found that this unpleasant and entirely impossible figure ever attended or even overshadowed my most earnest work. I desire that my lines shall be read and remembered for the merit which the British seem to have discovered in them, and quite apart from that creation of the American imagination, the stalwart, red-shirted and six-shootered hairy man of the Sierra Nevada mountains. Hence this sketch of my gentle and pious parents, involving the story of my stormy youth."
The poet's story might well be a page from the journal of
38 RELIEF SOCIETY MAGAZINE
some good Latter-day Saint, so similar were his experiences to those of many of our own ancestors. "My cradle," he says, "was a. covered wagon pointed west. I was born in a covered wagon, I am told, at or about the time it crossed the line dividing In- diana and Ohio, wherein my mother was born.',
The wagon housing this pious family of Quakers continued pointing west at intervals until the boy at last found himself on the shores of the "Sundown Seas." The father, a gentleman, according to his son, never in his life fired a gun. In fact, he had a great horror for fire arms and found it unnecessary to re- sort to their use in any of his pioneer experiences.
Being a school master, the father of Joaquin Miller spent much of the time on Sundays and in the evenings reading to his little flock. He was devout in the matter of prayers and bless- ings on the food and reared his children to be the samt. As in so many pioneer households, the mother seemed to be the better manager of the two.
Trundle beds, homemade clothmg, scant rations, heart breaks, ecstacies, troop through the pages of this simple narrative just as they do through the majority of our own pioneer literature, for the Millers were pioneers in the finest sense of the term. Bits like this make all of us kin :
"A few days before this little rebellion by the baby boy in his first pantaloons," (the boy refused longer to sleep in the cradle) "an honest man and a pretty young girl, really the prettiest woman I had ever seen except *my mother, came to papa to be married, and, as usual, where money was so scarce, brought two coon skins. And they were very fine skins, killed in the heart of winter and dressed to perfection
"Mother had claimed these two beautiful skins for some special purpose of her own and put them away under her pillow, where she always kept the money when there was any money, and she now brought out the beaatiful skins, which Jimmy had also admired very much and she put them carefully and tenderly in the cradle, smoothing them down with her hands and talking
gently baby talk to Jimmy No cradle for Jimmy Miller.
So mother took the coon skins out, for a time at least, and the cradle was put back in the smoke house.
"Soon after, a good old Southern woman came from theBilly Fields settlement and sent us little folks away to Billy Fields and his house full of girls. And when the old woman went away we were all back home and very, -very happy.
"But let me tell you the end of this chapter in verse. For there are things that are sacred from severe prose and a song suits better the theme. This is from Harper's Magazine :
GUIDE LESSONS FOR MARCH 39
WIHEN LITTLE SISTER CAME
"We dwelt in the woods of the Tippecanoe, In a lone, lost cabin, with never a view Of the full day's sun for a whole year through. With strange half hints through the russet corn We three were hurried one night. Next morn There was frost on the trees, and a sprinkle of snow And tracks on the ground. We burst through the door And a girl baby cried — and then we were four.
"We were not sturdy, and we were not wise, In the things of the world, and the ways men dare ; A pale-browed mother with a prophet's eyes A father that dreamed and looked any where. Three brothers — wild blossoms, tall fashioned as men And we mingled with none, but we lived as when The pair first lived, ere they knew the fall ; And loving all things we believed in all."
Speaking of their march farther west, the poet says: "The next camp was in South Pass, so named by Fremont, who had set up a cairn of stones here: the summit of the Rocky Mountains. The flying snow fell in our faces as we looked away to the west. The waters were flowing toward the setting sun. It seemed to us all, weary as we were, the rest of the way must be down hill to the vast ocean. Our camp was by the Pacific Springs. We were now drinking of the waters that flowed to the mighty ocean/ What exultation! What glory and achievement!"
Sounds like a paragraph from a Latter-day Saint's note book. Again: "At Salt Lake, a beautiful city and scene of; honest industry, we rested long, sold some worn-out cattle, the carriage and the two horses; keeping one for mother and the baby. We three little fellows had learned to walk well ; and walk we did now all the time " Later on he says, making a be- lated apology, but one that from its apparent sincerity ought to be accepted fully: "life was monotonous here." — speaking of a sojourn in California — "for we had to live alone in our cabin because of the intolerable toughness and roughness of the men here at The Forks, who made their focus of action and distraction in the Howling Wilderness saloon. Here I laid the scene of "The Danites," my famous play, but have always been sorry I printed it, as it is unfair to the Mormons and Chinese."
After being spared by the Indians because they called him "Los bobo," the fool, he had a long struggle to regain his health. "When strong enough," he says, "I went home, went to college some, studied law at home some; but ever and ever the lure ofi the mountains called and called, and I could not keep my mind on
40 RELIEF SOCIETY MAGAZINE
my books. But I could keep my mind on the perils I had passed. I could write of them, and I did write of them, almost every day. The Tale of the Tall Alcalde, Oregonian, Californian, With Walker in Nicaragua — I had lived all these and more ; and they were now a part of my existence. If you would care to read further of my life, making allowance for poetic license, you will find these literally true."
Again he says : ''My first lines, and in truth, all my lines, as a rule, were descriptive stories of the lands I knew, so that my poems are literally my autobiography."
Songs of the Sierra was his first book. It was published at his own expense in London, where it met with considerable favor. Life Among the Mo docs was one of his most profitable publica- tions. He called it a veritable gold mine.
He concludes his autobiography with paragraphs of sum- mation, among them these: "The little story of our pilgrimage is simply that of thousands and hundreds of thousands who peo- pled the ultimate West. Wie were, perhaps, a little more reliant on or a little more dependent on Providence, a little more prayer- ful than the average, perhaps; for while others carried guns to protect them, the head of our little party never laid hand to a. gun, never fired a shot in all his long life. All the vast multi- tude as in the exodus of old, in quest of the Promised Land, was, as a rule, religious, and buried their dead with hymns and prayers, all along that dreary half year's journey on which no coward ever ventured, and where the weak fell by the wayside, leaving a na- tural selection of good and great people, both in soul and body."
That he hoped he was doing something worthy and fine in his poems is indicated near the close of his autobiography, where he also indicates that he believes the great singers of those great times are yet to come.
"But bear in mind," he says, "we are only plowing, sowing now, making ready for the reaper, the happy harvester of song, who will come to his own, and all in good time, when of today the workers and builders shall not be forgotten. Only let us build true, level, square, and deserve to be remembered."
"Of course both warp and woof of every real poem, beyond a . sonnet's length, must be shot through and through with threads of gold and silver, else it is at best but a guide book ; and I would like to be remembered by those of the years to be as a, pioneer who not only blazed the path but also loved the flowers under foot and the peaks that companion with the stars.
"My poems may be no better nor much worse than the poems of Virgil, Homer, Byron; but are they not new, unique? If not, then have my work and wanderings been in vain and my life labors, however delightful they have been in the doing, must be set down as a failure; for I have certainly had a golden har-
GUIDE LESSONS FOR MARCH 41
vest field and, with a few hard exceptions, the most glorious oppor- tunity in all the world."
Joaquin Miller's autobiography is not in any sense great. It consists merely of a few elementary notes telling of his experi- ences, but taken with his poems it does, as has been said, give the reader some idea of this early Western singer who was not so very original and who was not so very profound, but who deserves to be remembered at least by Westerners, among whom he is real- ly little known, for his sincerity at least. A few of his poems will probably live always, either for the picture they draw of an era, such as "Kit Carson's Ride," or for the moral value they possess, such as "Columbus" and "The Fortunate Isles."
THE FORTUNATE ISLES
You sail and you seek for the Fortunate Isles, The old Greek Isles of the yellow bird's song Then steer straight on through the watery miles,
Straight on, straight on, and you can't go wrong. Nay not to the left, nay not to the right, But on, straight on, and the isles are in sight, The old Greek Isles where yellow birds sing And life lies girt with a golden ring.
These Fortunate Isles they are not so far,
They lie within reach of the lowliest door; You can see them gleam by the twilight star;
You can hear them sing by the moon's white shore- Nay, never look back! Those leveled grave stones They were landing steps ; they were steps unto thrones Of glory of souls that have gone before, And have set white feet on the fortunate shore.
And what are the names of the Fortunate Isles?
Why, Duty and Love and a large Content. Lo, these are the Isles of the watery miles,
That God let down from the firmament. Aye! Duty and Love and a true man's trust; Your forehead to God though your feet in the dust. Aye ! Duty to man, and to God meanwhiles, And these, O Friends, are the Fortunate Isles.
— From Later Lines Preferred by London.
THE BRAVEST BATTLE From Lines That Mother Liked
The bravest battle that ever was founght ;
Shall I tell you where and when? On the maps of the world you will find it not :
It was fought by the mothers of men.
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Nay, not with cannon or battle shot,
With sword or braver pen ; Nay, not with the eloquent word or thought,
From mouths of wonderful men.
But deep in a woman's walled-up heart — Of woman that would not yield,
But patiently, silently bore her part — Lo! There is the battle field.
No marshalling troop, no bivouac song;
No banners to gleam and wave; And, oh; these battles they last so long —
From babyhood to the grave!
Yet, faithful and still as a bridge of stars, She fights in her walled-up town —
Fights on and on in the endless wars, Then silent, unseen — goes down.
THE VOICE OF THE DOVE From Lines That Papa Liked
Come listen, O Love, to the voice of the dove,
Come, harken and hear him say, "There are many Tomorrows, my Love, my Love,
There is only one Today."
And all day long you can hear him say
This day in purple is rolled, And the baby stars of the milky way
They are cradled in cradles of gold.
Now what is thy secret, serene gray dove
Of singing so sweetly alway? "There are many tomorrows, my Love, my Love,
There is only one Today."
IN MEN WHOM MEN CONDEMN
In men whom men condemn as ill I find so much of goodness still,
In men whom men pronounce divine I find so much of sin and blot,
I hesitate to draw a line Between the two, where God has not.
GUIDE LESSONS FOR MARCH 43
LIFE OF JOAQUIN MILLER
Cincinnatus Hiner Miller was born in a covered wagon in the Wabash District, Indiana, November 10, 1841. His father, Hulings Miller, a schhool teacher of considerable learning, re- moved to Oregon when Joaquin was 9: Young Miller was sent to school but ran away to California, where he spent about two years in the mines, during which time he suffered many hardships.
He is said to have been a filibuster with Walker, and Indian sachem and Spanish vaguero.
He returned with $100, gave it to his father, and entered school. He then went to Columb'a College, where he was grad- uated in 1858, valedictorian of his class.
He read and studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1860. In the spring of 1861 he went to the gold mines of Idaho, where he is said to have given that territory the nick name which it still bears — "Gem of the Mountains." There he turned ex- press messenger.
He returned in 1863 to Oregon and edited a paper called "The Democratic Register" at Eugene, Oregon ; but the paper was soon suppressed for alleged treasonable utterances.
He returned to the practice of law in 1864 at Canon City, Oregon, and was soon made judge of Grant County, a position which he held four years.
He collected his poems under the title Songs of the Sierras, and being unable to get them published here went with them to London, England, where he published them at his own expense. To this volume he signed the name, "Joaquin" Miller, one he had assumed from having written a defense of the Mexican brigand, Joaquin Murietta.
He then returned to America but again visited England in 1873, where he published Songs of the Sunland and One Fair\ Woman.
He returned to New York, but later settled at Washington, D. C. where he wrote for various publications. In 1887 he re- turned to California and built him a home near San Francisco Bay. Tourists frequently visit it now as they did before his' death. Many of the world's greatest literary lights called on the Poet of the Sierras there.
He died April 17, 1913.
He was a great lover of the Indians. He says somewhere: "All that I am or ever hope to be, I owe to them — I owe no white man anything at all. The Indians sre my true and warm friends."
Hamlin Garland's tribute upon Miller's death: "Neverthe- less, when all blue penciling has been finished, when all allowances are made, I think posterity will agree with old Walt (Walt Whit- man), who §ajd qi him in substance, T am inclined to set Joaquin
44 RELIEF SOCIETY MAGAZINE
Miller at the head of the whole list (of Western poets) because of his brave attempt at putting into verse the epic scenes and characters of our border-land.' "
Articles of interest: "Passing of Joaquin Miller", Current Opinion, Vol 54, pages 318-19, April, 1913 ; "Poet of the Sierras", by Hamlin Garland, Sunset Magazine, Vol. 30, pages 765-70, June, 1913; "Poet of the Sierras", by Elbert Hubbard, Hearst's Magazine, Vol. 23, pages 662-3, April 1913. "Close Up of the Poet", Literary Digest, Vol. 87, pages 82-87, November 1*4, 1925.
Questions and Problems
1. Have a good reader read "Kit Carson's Ride". Comment on the introduction to the poem. Where was that introduction probably written?
2. Read "Columbus." What is there about the poem that inspires you?
3. What experiences did Miller have in common with our early pioneers?
4. Why does he say his poems are foot notes to his life?
5. If any one in the class has ever met Joaquin Miller or has ever visited his home above Oakland, she might tell of the incident.
6. It would be well to have members of the class read his poems and bring to class bits that would add to the autobigraphy.
A Prayer
Let me live long enough,
O Lord,
To learn to be
Tolerant.
Let me see
Another's fault
And not be quick
To judge.
Help me to live well enough,
O Lord,
That I may ne'er
Feel shame.
Give me strength
To see and
Conquer all my own
Shortcomings.
— Adeline J. Haws.
GUIDE LESSONS FOR MARCH 45
LESSON IV Social Service
(Fourth Week in March)
THE FIELD OF SOCIAL WORK
Lesson 3. Physical and Mental Diseases
In the last lesson we discussed the extent and the causes of poverty. We considered also the principles of care for dependent families, dependent adults, and dependent children.
One of the major causes of dependency, we saw, is physical or mental disease. We shall devote this lesson to a consideration of these specific causes, noting" the ways in which modern social work and workers deal with the problem.
A. Physical Diseases: Their Nature and Extent
The precise amount of disease and ill-health is, of course, im- possible to determine. We are therefore forced to rely upon estimates. One index, however, is the vearly number of persons tieated in hospitals and disnensaries. The U. S. Census Bureau reports that in the year 1922, 4,700 hospitals and sanatoriums in the United States treated over 5,000,000 patients for an aggregate of 81,500,000 days. Another 570,000 persons were treated in institutions for the mentally handicapped. These figures, of course, do not include the out-patients at dispensaries and the private patients treated in their homes or at the doctor's office.
In their book Social Pathology,1 Queen and Mann quote from the Committee on Waste in Industry, of the Federated American Engineering Societies, to the effect that :
* * * each of the 42,000 persons gainfully employed in the United States loses on an average more than 8 days a year from illness. a total of 350.000 working- days. Perhaps 3 per cent of the wage earners (1,250,000) have tuberculosis. Influenza and pneumonia in non-epidemic years take ahnnt 35.000 lives in the working ae^es and account for at least 350.0000 cases of sickness. Typhoid fever fills about 150,000 beds annually and takes 15,000 lives. Malaria is responsible for much "sub-standard" health and probably affects 1.500.000 peoole each year. Perhans 1.500.000 workers are infected with venereal diseases. Six million have organic diseases of various sorts. Twenty-five million have defective vision re- quiring correction.
Another way to estimate the nature and extent of ohvsical morbidity is to consider the things th^t neonle die of. The tate^t statistics are those furnished by the U. S. Census Bureau in 1927. from which the following figures ar e taken. ;
*Crowe1l, 1925 (p. 451)
46 RELIEF SOCIETY MAGAZINE
Death-Rates per 100,000 Estimated Population in the U. S. Registration Area, 1925
A. The Ten Chief Causes of Death
Diseases of the heart 176.9
Cancer and other malignant tumors 92.6
Tuberculosis (all forms) 86.6
Cerebral hemorrhage 83.7
Accidental or undefined , 78.3
Broncho-pneumonia 38.6
Diarrhea and enteritis (under 2 years of age) 31.5
Influenza 29.6
Arteriosclerosis 20.1
Diabetes mellitus 16.9
B. Death-Rates by Divisions
All causes (exclusive of still-births) 1,182.3
I. Epidemic, endemic and infections diseases 169.1
II. General diseases not included in I 138.9
III. Diseases of the nervous system and organs of
special sense .' 120.1
IV. Diseases of the circulatory system 211.0
V. Diseases of the respiratory system 108.6
VI. Diseases of the digestive system 101.2
VII. Non-venereal diseases of the genito-urinary system
and annexa 111.8
VIII. The puerperal state 14.9
IX. Diseases of the skin and cellular tissue 3.2
X. Diseases of bones and organs of locomotion 1.3
XI. Malformations 13.8
XII. Early infancy 60.1
XIII. Old age 12.0
XIV. External causes 99.1
The relationship between social work and physical disease is well illustrated in the following facts :2
During the six months ending March 31, 1923, the New York Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor cared for 3,875 families, in which it found 5,613 separate important health problems. Five hundred and thirty-nine families showed tuberculosis, 299 showed nervous or mental disease or mental deficiency. 268 showed venereal disease, 236 showed rickets, 163 showed cardiac problems.
Facts of a similar nature come from the United Charities of Chicago, where it is reported for 1921-22 :3
* * * that 2,125 families out of 5,400 receiving "major services" presented important health problems. For the six years ending in 19?2, 12,500 out of 38,000 such families presented cases of acute illness.
B. The Treatment of Physical Disease
The scope and variety of public and private effort for the relief and prevention of physical i-lness and distress is, in many ways, the crowning achievement of Western civilization. Merely
2Queen and Mann, op, ci{. 457.
GUIDE LESSONS FOR MARCH 47
to list the main divisions and types of these efforts, would take more space than is here available. Hospitals, sanatoria, clinics, dispen- saries, infant-welfare stations, with their efficient staffs of phy- sicians, surgeons, laboratory technicians, pathologists, nurses, etc., are already quite well-known to the public. The newer services of the medical social workers, the public health nurse, the tuber- culosis association teacher, and the heart association worker are, however, not so well understood. These latter services constitute a sort of auxiliary to the field of medicine; they are among the more modern forms of social assistance made necessary in the active control of disease and poverty.
The social nature of much disease and its responsiveness to educational control is well illustrated in the case of tuberculosis which two decades ago was the chief cause of death. Due largely to the ingenious and persistent educational efforts of the National Tuberculosis Association, the "white plague" has become — in the United States at least — much less devastating and now occupies only third place among the chief causes of death.4 And this in spite of the fact that there is still no specific remedy for tubercu- losis.
An interesting example of the tremendous power of private philanthropy in the control of disease is the work of the Rocke- feller Foundation, — the largest philanthropic enterprise of its sort in the world. During the year 1928, for example, under the able leadership of its president, Dr. George E. Vincent, the Founda- tion spent $21,690,738 in the world-wide control of hookworm, malaria, yellow fever, etc. Most of this vast sum was spent in foreign countries in the form of subsidies to medical schools, for research, for nursing education. Contributions were also made to the budgets of 85 county health organizations in seven states of the Mississippi flood area.5
C. Mental Diseases : Their Nature and Extent
We should carefully distinguish, at the outset, between mental deficiency and insanity. The former is essentially a lack of mind and is correctly called feeblemindedness, whereas the latter is truly a loss of mind and is correctly designated mental disease or in- sanity.
The term "insanity" describes the legal status of a mentally diseased person after a court has declared him to be a danger to himself or to society or both. The point is that a person can be declared insane for any one of a score of mental diseases, each one of which is more or less distinct from all the rest in nature, cau- sation, and outcome.
*Ibid.
4The unique way of financing this vast, educational campaign is, of course, by the sale of Christmas seals.
48 RELIEF SOCIETY MAGAZINE
The nature and relative importance of these mental diseases (psychoses) can be seen from the following table:
Number and Per Cent Distribution, by Psychoses, of Patients in Hospitals* for Mental Disease, January 1, 1923 ("Patients in Hospitals for Mental disease, 1923," U. S. Census Bureau, 1926, p. 44.)
Psychoses Number Per Cent
All clinical groups 265,829 100.0
Traumatic 251 0 2
Senile 13,585 5J
With cerebral arteriosclerosis 4,419 1.7
General paralysis 9,394 3.5
With cerebral syphilis 1,810 0.7
With Huntington's chorea 317 0.1
With brain tumor 49 (2)
With other brain or nervous diseases 1,060 0.4
Alcoholic 7,396 2.8
Due to drugs and other exogenous toxins 554 0.2
With pellagra 507 0.2
With other somatic diseases 1,978 0.7
Manic-depressive 40,751 15.3
Involution melancholia 5,763 2.2
Dementia praecox (schizophrenia) 114,240 43.0
Paranoia or paranoid conditions 11,953 4.5
Epileptic 9,155 3.4
Psychoneuroses and neuroses 2,351 0.9
With psychopathic personality 2,883 1.1
With mental deficiency 11,942 4.5
Undiagnosed , 14,235 5.4
Without psychosis 9,499 3.6
Unknown 1,467 0.6
(2) Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent.
That insanity is increasing in the United States, there can be little doubt. It is probable, however, that much of the increase is due to the fact that mental diseases are much more noticeable and are treated earlier now than ever before. This fact, to- gether with the better facilities that are increasingly available for the care of the insane, explains a good deal of the increase noted in the statistics.
It is quite incorrect, moreover, to assume that all insanity is attributable to one cause — heredity. As a matter of fact, each specific form of mental disease has its own unique set of causes, some being hereditary, others non-hereditary. Generalizing in regard to insanity as a whole, it is more nearly correct to assume that it is produced by two equally important sets of causes — (1)
5Class leaders and L. D. S. welfare workers generally will do well to write for a copy of "A Review of 1928," by Dr. G. E. Vincent. Rockefeller Foundation, 61 Broadway, New York City.
*State hospitals 165
Other public hospitals 148
Private hospitals 213
Total 526
GUIDE LESSONS FOR MARCH 49
predisposing facts (hereditary, constitutional, etc.) ; and (2) con- tributing factors (environmental pressures, life experiences, etc.)
D. The Mental Hygiene Movement
The mental hygiene movement is uniquely an American ef- fort— precipitated by Clifford W. Beers' epoch-making book, A Mind That Found Itself — to prevent nervous and mental diseases and to raise the standards of care and treatment of the mentally handicapped.
It assumes that what was done by educational and com- munity organization methods for the control of tuberculosis can also be done for insanity. The chief problems attacked, of course, are mental disease, feeble-mindedness, and epilepsy. The borderline conditions, including such mild disorders as hysteria, neurasthenia, psychasthenia, anxiety neuroses, etc., are also of chief concern, not only because they constitute by far the largest group of the mentally handicapped, but because they respond best to curative and preventive treatment.
Mental hygienists and their social work colleagues in this field are devoted also to the task of raising the standards of care and treatment of the insane, the feeble-minded, and the epileptics in public institutions. Then, too, by means of survey and dem- onstration, important mental hygiene projects have been launched under both public and private auspices.
On the more strictly social service side are to be noted the almost universal employment of psychiatric social workers in state institutions. These workers have become invaluable in the diagnosis and treatment of the mentally handicapped.
The outstanding achievement of the mental hygiene move- ment, to date, however, is the child-guidance clinic, a free out- patient facility for the diagnosis and treatment of children's con- duct disorders. The minimum staff of a child-guidance clinic comprises a psychiatrist (who is also a physician), a psychologist, and a psychiatric social worker. In almost every American city of any size, one or more of these clinics serves the juvenile court, the public schools, the social agencies, and parents generally, in the personality adjustment of children who are traditionally la- belled "delinquent," "incorrigible," "nervous," "truant/ "un- adjusted," "sub-normal," etc.
Questions for the Further Stimulation of Thought
1. What do people die of in your community and State? Do these causes differ from those in other places?
2. Make a list of all the various health and medical agencies serving your community.
50 RELIEF SOCIETY MAGAZINE
3. To what extent is illness and disease a cause of poverty and destitution in your community?
4. How forward-looking are the public health facilities and regulations in your town and state? Do you require all milk that is sold to be pasteurized?
5. Is your community adequately supplied with well trained physicians, competent nurses and ^modern hospital facilities? Whose business is it to see that such services and facilities are made available in your community?
6. How do mentally-ill people in your community get into your state hospital? Do they go via the county jail? Is this practice intelligent and humane? Then why does the practice continue ?
7. Does the mental hospital in your State measure up to the best standards of care and treatment in such matters as fire protection ; ample accommodations ; size and quality of its staff — medical, nursing, psychological, social service, occupational therapy, etc.?
8. Is there an out-patient department maintained by your State hospital?
9. Does your State hospital take the position that all in- sanity is more or less incurable? Why?
10. Are the services of a child-guidance clinic available to your community? Why not?
11. Get some member of your group to read and review A Mind That Found Itself by Clifford W. Beers, or Reluctantly, Told by Jane Hillyer. Your local librarian will be glad to get these books for you.
Leadership Week at B. Y. U.
Leadership week at the Brigham Young University will con- vene Monday, January 27th, covering the week including January 31st. An attractive program is being prepared under the direction of Dr. Lowry Nelson, head of the extension division. The Slogan for the week is "Your Community and What You Can Do For It."
Conferences and Conventions
General Board members visited Relief Society stake conventions and 'conferences, which were held in the stakes during 1929, as follows:
Alberta— Mrs. Elise B. Alder.
Alpine — Mrs. Jennie B. Knight.
Bannock — Mrs. Jnlia A. F. Lund.
Bear Lake— Mrs. Marcia K. Howells.
Bear River — Mrs. Louise Y. Rob- ison.
Beaver— Mrs. Nettie D. Bradford.
Benson — Mrs. Elise B. Alder.
Big Horn — Mrs. Marcia K. How- ells.
Blackfoot— M r s. L o 1 1 a Paul Baxter.
Blaine — Mrs. Annie Wells Cannon.
Boise — Mrs. Louise Y. Robison.
Box Elder — Mrs. Cora L. Bennion.
Burley — Mrs. Inez K. Allen.
Cache — Miss Alice L. Reynolds.
Carbon — Mrs. Jennie B. Knight.
Cassia — Mrs. Julia A. Child.
Cottonwood — M r s. Kate M. Barker.
Curlew — Mrs. Annie Wells Can- non.
Deseret— Mrs. Nettie D. Bradford.
Duchesne — Mrs. Ida Peterson Beal.
East Jordan — Mrs. Julia A. F. Lund.
Emery — Mrs. Jennie B. Knight.
Ensign — Mrs. Kate M. Barker, Mrs. Julia A. F. Lund.
Franklin— Mrs. Ethel R. Smith.
Fremont — Mrs. Nettie D. Brad- ford.
Garfield — Mrs. Louise Y. Robi- son.
Granite — Mrs. Marcia K. Howells.
Grant— Mrs. Julia A. Child, Mrs. Julia A. F. Lund, Mrs. Louise Y. Robison.
Gunnison — Miss Alice L. Rey- nolds.
Hollywood — Mrs. Julia A. F. Lund.
Hyrum — Mrs. Julia A. F. Lund.
Idaho— Mrs. Ethel R. Smith.
Idaho Falls — Mrs. Amy W. Evans.
Juab — Miss Alice L. Reynolds.
Juarez — Mrs. Annie Wells Can- non.
Kanab — Mrs. Louise Y. Robison.
Kolob— Mrs. Marcia K. Howells.
Lethbridge— Mrs. Elise B. Alder.
Liberty— Mrs. Nettie D. Bradford, Mrs. Lotta Paul Baxter.
Lehi — Mrs. Inez K. Allen.
Logan — Mrs. Elise B. Alder.
Los Angeles — Mrs. Julia A. F. Lund.
Lost River — Mrs. Julia A. F. Lund.
Lyman — Mrs. Julia A. Child.
Malad— Mrs. Inez K. Allen.
Maricopa — Mrs. Annie Wells Can- non.
Millard— Mrs. Annie Wells Can- non.
Minidoka— Mrs. Nettie D. Brad- ford.
Moapa— Mrs. Nettie D. Bradford.
Montpelier — Mrs. Ida Peterson Beal.
Morgan — Mrs. Ida Peterson Beal.
Moroni — Mrs. Louise Y. Robison.
Mt. Ogden— Mrs. Ida Peterson Beal.
Nebo — Mrs. Cora L. Bennion.
Nevada — Mrs. Inez K. Allen.
North Davis — Mrs. Marcia K. Howells.
North Sanpete — Mrs. Ida Peterson Beal.
North Sevier — Mrs. Jennie B. Knight.
North Weber— Mrs. Ethel R. Smith.
Ogden— Mrs. Julia A. F. Lund.
Oneida— Mrs. Elise B. Alder.
Oquirrh— Mrs. Amy W. Evans.
Palmyra— Mrs. Louise Y. Robison.
Panguitch— Mrs. Jennie B. Knight.
Parowan— Mrs. Amy W. Evans.
Pioneer— Mrs. Nettie D. Bradford, Mrs. Lotta Paul Baxter.
Pocatello — Mrs. Cora L. Bennion.
Portneuf — Mrs. Louise Y. Robi- son.
Raft River— Mrs. Kate M. Barker.
Rigby— Mrs. Julia A. Child.
Roosevelt — Mrs. Julia A. F. Lund.
St. George— Mrs. Ethel R. Smith.
St. Johns— Mrs. Inez K. Allen.
52
RELIEF SOCIETY MAGAZINE
St. Joseph — Mrs. Annie Wells
Cannon. Salt Lake — Mrs. Cora L. Bennion.
Miss Sarah M. McLelland. San Francisco — Mrs. Louise Y.
Robison. San Juan — Mrs. Julia A. F. Lund. San Luis — Mrs. Ida Peterson Beal. Sharon — Mrs. Julia A. F. Lund. Sevier — Mrs. Jennie B. Knight. Shelley— Mrs. Julia A. Child. Snowflake — Mrs. Inez K. Allen. South Davis — Mrs. Ida Peterson
Beal. South Sanpete — Mrs. Ethel R.
Smith. South Sevier— Mrs. Nettie D.
Bradford. Star Valley— Mrs. Julia A. F.
Lund. Summit — Mrs. Julia A. F. Lund.
Taylor— Mrs. Elise B. Alder.
Teton — Mrs. Marcia K. Howells.
Timpanogos — Mrs. Cora L. Ben- nion.
Tintic — Mrs. Ida Peterson Beal.
Tooele — Mrs. Annie Wells Can- non.
Twin Falls — Mrs. Elise B. Alder.
Uintah — Mrs. Julia A. F. Lund.
Union— Mrs. Kate M. Barker.
Utah— Mrs. Inez K. Allen.
Wasatch— Mrs. Julia A. F. Lund.
Wayne — Mrs. Inez K. Allen.
Weber — Mrs. Amy W. Evans.
West Jordan— Mrs. Ethel R. Smith.
Woodruff— Mrs. Kate M. Barker.
Yellowstone — Mrs. Louise Y. Rob- ison.
Young — Mrs. Ida Peterson Beal.
,The Seasons
Tis Autumn here, and Summer there ; And somewhere else 'tis Spring, With tiny blades of tender grass And birds come back to sing.
And in some other place the snow Falls gently through the air ; Smoke curls from every chimney; There's quiet everywhere.
And so it is with human hearts, 'Wherever you may go ; While your heart bursts with joy and song, My heart breaks with woe.
And when at last my aching heart Begins to lighter grow, Some other heart is singing And another breaks with woe.
— Adeline J. Haws.
A Midland Trilogy
By Lais V. Hales
Vandemark's Folly, The Hawkeye, and The Invisible Woman, comprise Herbert Quick's Midland Trilogy. Each one of these books has in turn been called "the great American novel" by emi- nent critics. Three rapidly changing phases of American civili- zation, which have already become mythical, have here been pre- served for all time. All three books are composed of the happiest possible mixture of fiction, romance, and history, and their ad- mirers are many and constantly increasing. Though it is about four years since death robbed us of their great author, Mr. Quick lives vividly through his books, which are intimate and biographi- cal.
Vandemark's Folly begins this epic of the Middle West. It is a story of the Erie Canal and the settlement of Iowa. It covers the stirring decade of 1855 to 1865. Its hero, Vandemark, a/ Dutchman, comes as a pioneer to the much feared and much loved prairies of Iowa. Here he fights for the prairie, builds it up, wins estate and infinite love, and develops a personality that for many years colors both incidents and individuals. Through- out the book one feels the pathos, the tragedy, the exaltation, the variety, the comedy, of pioneer life. Overshadowing everything in the book is the Iowa Prairie, which Mr. Quick knew so well and loved so much. His descriptions of the blizzard and the prairie fire are things never to be forgotten. William Allen White has called this book "the best historical novel of the Middle West."
The Hawkeye continues the narrative of the growth of this American soil through the 'seventies and 'eighties, the era of "engaging ruffians and lovable boodlers." This book covers the era of county irregularities and lawlessness, vividly exposing both the good and the bad of this period. The hero of this book is Fremont McConkey, "a sensitive child, banished from contact save with a few of his kind, condemned to long, lonely days with the green sky of the prairies and the blue meadows of heaven, full of romance, quivering with dreams, timid as a shade-haunting heron, yet yearning for companionship, conscious of his own precocity, secretly proud of it, and yet keenly aware that he must be looked upon by town people as ignorant."
How well Mr. Quick knew Fremont McConkey ! His hand- ling of his boy hero and his descriptions of the land where Fre- mont "snared gophers, hunted the nests of prairie chickens.
54 RELIEF SOCIETY MAGAZINE
watched the formation of storms, hunted wild-fowl, listened to the orchestration of the birds, leaped sidewise in fear of the rattle snake as the locust sprung its rattle, picked up stubs of grass to fester in his bare feet, and saw his fellow tumble-weeds rolling back and forth in the wind," — these are two of the three best things in this good book. It is here that we find the finest of Mr. Quick's many tributes to the pioneer mother, of whom he says : "The mothers of the frontier ! In the smoky over-heated kitchens, as they washed and mopped and baked and brewed and spun and wove and knit, and boiled soap, and mended and cut and basted and sewed, and strained milk and skimmed cream and churned and worked over butter, catching now and then an opportunity to read while rocking a child to sleep, drinking in once in a while a bit of poetry from the sky or the cloud or the flower; they
worked and planned and assumed all for their children
We build monuments in the public square for the soldiers of our wars; but where is the monument for the Kate McConkeys who made possible so much of the good that is represented by the public square itself? Unless it is a monument not made with hands, in our hearts and souls, none can ever exist which can be in any way adequate/'
The Invisible Woman carries the story on to the end of the century — to the time of wild speculation, of railroad power, of invisible government. Woman at this time was just emerging from her "place in the home". Christina Thorkelson is the woman, and she is one of Mr. Quick's finest creations. She has all the honesty, the sturdiness, the understanding, of the pioneer woman plus a confidence which they lacked. The Invisible Woman is a good, honest book but lacks the epic qualities of the first two.
Quick's Trilogy of the Middle West ranks with that of Hamlin Garland. Two great authors of pioneer literature they have many things in common. Both impress their readers with their sterling honesty — their freedom from the spectacular. Both are good story tellers. They have a balanced attitude toward the pioneer and the land he conquered. They both write cheer- ful, wholesome, soul-lifting literature, and we feel the pleasure they derived from writing of such fine things. Their books are contributions both to the literature and the history of our country. Their subject — early pioneer life — is epic and demands epic treat- ment, which they have given it with such success.
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Good grade, and well made. When ordering, state Size, New or Old Style, and if for man or lady. Postage prepaid. Sample on request.
147 Spring Needle, Flat Weave..*1.10 258 Double Card. Cot., Med. Wt. 14)5
208 Ldeht Weight Rib 1.35 628 Merc. Lisle, Light Wt- 2.25
32 Combed CoUon, Lt. Wt 1.50 264 Rayon Silk. Fine Quality S.00
222 Cotton Rayon Stripes 1.65 748 Unbleached Cot Hvy Wt. 2.00
294 Ladies' New Style, Rayon.. 2.00 7o4 Bleached Cot., Hvy. Wt 2.25
302 Ladies' New Style, Rayon 2.50 908 Unbleached Cot., Ex. Hvy. 2.75
307 Men's New Style, Rayon.... 2.75 1072 Mixed Wool and Cotton 4.00
BARTON & CO.
Established in Utah 45 Years 142 WEST SOUTH TEMPLE ST. Salt Lake City, Utah
DESERET UNDERWEAR MILLS
36 South Main Street
No. 160 A medium wt. unbleached garments. New style 75
double back garment pre- Old Style or long legs 85
vents breaking in the back..$1.75 No 46 Lt wt cott0n 1.10
No. 260 Same wt. as above only jjo. g^ Ljaie .. 1.35
bleached and without double
back 1.75 50% wool med. wt 3.35
No. 550 and 650 Heavy cotton gar- Heavy 3.85
D„ "J611*8 made !,ike above styles 2*15 All weights cottons and wool.
No. 86 An unusually strong and „ ,
long wearing ribbed lt. wt. Samples on request.
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L. D. S. GARMENTS
Direct From Factory
You are guaranteed unusual wear and satisfaction from Cutler Garments. They are made from the best long wearing, two combed yarns.
No. 68 Ribbed ex. light Cotton knee No. 61 Ribbed Med. Hvy. Unbleached
length $ .75 Double Back 1.75
No. 68 Old style or new style % or N<>- 56 Ribbed Hvy. Cotton bleached 2.15
long legs 85 No. 55 Ribbed Hvy. Cot., Unbleached
No. 74 Ribbed light wt. cot 1.10 M„ 97 p^in BEm^" wV K*nW," 2 *
m« qa w;k iwA».A.;.a<i t ;oi„ i ok No- 2" Ribbed Med. Wt. 50 °Jo
No. 84 Rib. Mercerized Lisle 1.85
No. 76 Ribbed lt. wt. Lisle 1.35 *T - Vl
No. 64 Ribbed Med. lt. Cot 1.35 No' 39 S^ed Hvy. Wt. 50%
No. 62 Ribbed Med. Hvy. bleached.... 1.70 Fine Wearing Rayon, Elbow and
Knee Length 2.35
Wool 3.35
Ribbed Hvy. Wt. 50%
Wool 3.85
No. 32 Silk and Wool 4.50
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SACRAMENT TRAYS
NEW TRAYS FOR WATER GLASSES
A tray designed to give serv- ice and satisfaction. A tray every ward would be proud to own and display.
The metal is Chromium plated and is guaranteed not to tarnish and it will always keep its lustre.
The tray is light in weight and easy to handle. It will last indefinitely, it is very easy to keep clean and will always look just like new.
Now is a good time to replace your worn sets and add to your present sacrament sets with this new perfected tray and glasses.
The glasses used in this tray and for sale by us for your own trays are the best available.
They are of lead composition, and have a bluish cast. They are less likely to break and will stand heat and cold much better than the ordinary glasses.
These glasses are hand fashioned which insures uniformity of size and weight, thus allowing perfect balance in the tray.
PRICES Water Tray with 3 dozen glasses complete — each $18.50
Glasses — Dozen 1.50
(Note. — If cash in full accompanies the order, we pay transportation) Manufactured for and sold exclusively by
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Salt Lake City
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Blizzard Alice Pierce Willardson 55
Portrait of Mrs. Hazel H. Greenwood 56
Mrs. Hazel H. Greenwood.
Rose Jenkins Badger 57
Portrait of Mrs. Emeline Y. Nebeker 60
Mrs. Emeline Y. Nebeker .. Ruth May Fox 61
Snowflakes Nina Eckart Kerrick 63
The Nutrition of the Child
Dr. L. L. Daines 64
Editorial — Tobacco 70
The Women in the Case 71
Welfare Work of the League of Na- tions 72
Every Wednesday Evening
.Ivy Williams Stone 72
The Place of Woman in the Farm Home. .
Dr. Thomas L. Martin 81
Notes from the Field 85
Guide Lessons for April SS
Books for the Family Lais V. Hales 106
Organ of the Relief Society of the Church of
Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Room 20 Bishop's Bldg. Salt Lake City, Utah
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VOL. XVII FEBRUARY, 1930
NO. 2
w
RECOMPENSE
First Poem to Receive Honorable Mention in the Eliza Roxey Snow
Poetry Contest.
By Merling Dennis Clyde
I writhed in deepest agony. My mind Reached out to ask why I should thus endure This untold pain — this age-old cross. Oh, more: I fretted withjthe knowledge that mankind (And all of Nature's laws are so aligned) Demand that woman touch that unknown
shore — Meet Death, yet safely bring the child she bore. But now, all dark and tortured hours combined Can never dim the glory that I know. The sacrifice became a, cleansing power That robbed my beating soul of its unrest. Through utter pain came ecstasy. I go Content to live from shining hour to hour, Since I have felt sweet lips against my breast.
A
Eft*
Jbl
BLIZZARD
By Alice Pierce Willardson
Skies are distant, cold, and gray; Winds are hissing, raging, moaning Through a mist of icy turmoil; Snow in clouds is driven upward. Whipped from quiet into chaos, Dancing now in crazed confusion, Rests again in heaps and mounds.
Winter, wild and lost and wailing, After all your moods and madness Shall we find the summer mild?
S&k:
MRS. HAZEL H. GREENWOOD
THE
Relief Society Magazine
Vol. XVII FEBRUARY, 1930 No. 2
Mrs. Hazel H* Greenwood
By Rose Jenkins Badger.
Hazel Agnes Hill Greenwood was born November 16, 1886 in Mill Creek, Salt Lake County. Her father, William Ii. Kill, who came here in pioneer days, was of Scotch descent, born in Can- ada. Her mother was Elizabeth Ann Hamilton.
Hazel was the youngest of her father's children, eighteen in number. Of these, seven were her mother's.
I became acquainted with this wonderful family when Hazel was a little girl about eight years old. I was her teacher. When the weather was too severe to come into town at night, I stayed at the Hill home. It was a real privilege to become intimate with this family.
One gets a peculiar and valuable training as a member of a large family where there is unity and love. One's nature is unconsciously broadened by learning in babyhood to get along with people, to adjust to others, to fit in readily; and certainly these traits are Hazel's.
Hazel began her schooling in the old frame school house of the 39th District School. Later for two years she attended the Granite Stake Academy. From there she went to the Latter-day Saints High School, from which she graduated in 1906.
She was a regular attendant at Sunday School and Mutual. A spiritual awakening came to her while studying the Book of Mormon in Mutual under the leadership of Sister Marie Hazel- man.
In the fall of 1907 her father died, and that same fall she be- gan teaching. The first year she taught in Holliday ; the three years following, in the 39th District where she first went to school.) While teaching in Holliday she met Jacob C. Jensen, a young man of fine character, whom she married in 1910. The next year her son Grant was born. One year later typhoid fever robbed her of her young husband. This terrific blow was made bearable only
58 RELIEF SOCIETY MAGAZINE
by her faith. As he left her, she looked out across the fields where she had lived since babyhood, now drab and dismal to her. Said a friend to her, "Hazel, sorrow never leaves us where it finds us." Impressed by this remark, she said to herself, " I shall go back to the school room, but not to teach as I have done, merely to pass a few years away. I shall make of myself the best teacher I can become."
Thus began some busy years — teaching in the winter and studying in the summer. When she climbed the hill to the State University on a hot summer day, the remembrance of the happy, restful, summer afternoons on the farm would come to her. She would wish then that she had used them to better advantage, so that it would not be necessary for her to work so many hours now. By this means, however, she was able to get her life certificate for teaching.
To be a companion her mother gave up her home in Mill Creek and bought a home in the city, taking care of little Grant and making home cheerful and comfortable for Hazel, who was no less devoted as a daughter.
In the death of her mother in 1916 sorrow again came to her. It is at such times that one's' family is most appreciated. Her brothers and sisters most lovingly tried to help her to readjust her life. They insisted upon deeding the little home to her in addi- tion to her full share in the other properties of her mother. A niece came to live with her to assume the household tasks that grandmother had been accustomed to perform.
Hazel kept her resolve to become the best teacher of which she was capable, doing her work efficiently and faithfully. She made a real home for herself and her boy, besides finding time to do considerable church work. Her experience extended to all the organizations except Religion Class.
At this time she was living in the LeGrande Ward. At the home of a friend she met Judge Joshua Greenwood, who was also a member of the LeGrand Ward.
In 1921 Hazel and Elder Greenwood were married. He had two grown daughters at home. Hazel soon won their love, asf the Judge gained the love of little Grant. A beautiful home life has been theirs. With the work of her clever fingers Hazel has beautified the house. The broad experience and trained intellect of the Judge have made him a most valuable help to her. He has always had a sympathetic interest in everything she has under- taken.
Since her marriage to the Judge she has had the opportunity to travel. She has accompanied him on pleasure and business trips throughout Utah, California, the Northwest, New York and other cities of the East.
MRS. MAZEL H. GREENWOOD 59
Now began her Relief Society experiences. She first served as secretary in Liberty Stake, she next served as counselor to Sis- ter Myrtle Shurtliff in the Presidency of the Stake. In 1925 she was made Stake President, resigning to become a member of the General Board. All persons who have worked with Sister Green- wood in the Liberty Stake agree that her leadership was outstand- ing. The qualities that contributed to this leadership were con- genial personality and unusual tact. Good will and harmony was the prevailing tone of the board over which she presided, and as a result the cooperation was of a very high order, due in large meas- ure to her own temperament. She comes to her new position on the General Board, well trained, and with a deep-rootea love for the gospel. She loves Relief Society work. She is full of energy, efficient, dependable.
One of her co-workers says that under the most trying cir- cumstance she is always good natured. As president of Liberty Stake, Sister Greenwood put over the Relief Society program in a strikingly intelligent manner. During the beautification cam- paign she concentrated on better and more beautiful Relief Society rooms. As a result of her work the meeting places for the Re- lief Society in the wards of Liberty Stake are conspicuous [for comfort and good taste. She had her heart set on improving the class work of the Stake and in that project was very successful. All Relief Society workers know that welfare work can hardly be approached let alone accomplished unless there is fine cooperation between the Bishops and ward Presidents and others who may be doing welfare work in the wards and stakes. Sister Green- wood was unusually successful in bringing about this cooperation. She also stimulated the reading of standard Church Works, the re- sponse to this idea being practically general.
In summarizing her work we would say: she exhibited the ability to maintain harmony among her workers ; and was fearless in defending the right. She is in very deed a true daughter of her splendid pioneer parents and a worthy representative of a real Latter-day Saint family.
Mrs. Greenwood and Mrs. Kearnes Honored
Honoring Hazel H. Greenwood, their former well loved President, and Ovanda Kearnes, Welfare Class Leader, the Liberty Stake Relief Society Board entertained Saturday, January fourth. A prettily arranged luncheon took place at the home of Ruby Henderson on Michigan Avenue. All who had worked with Sister Greenwood on the Stake Board were guests. Between courses limericks written to the two honored guests were read and at the close of the luncheon gifts which were symbols of the love and esteem in which Sisters Greenwood and Kearnes were held, were presented to thm. Librty Stake wishes them success for the future.
MRS. EMELINE Y. NEBEKER
Mrs* Emeline Y* Nebekcr
Ruth May Fox
"The lines are fallen unto me in pleasant places ; yea, I have a goodly heritage." So sang the sweet singer of Israel, and well may the subject of this sketch cherish the song in her heart of hearts.
Emeline Young Nebeker was born in the Fourteenth Ward, Salt Lake City, September 27, 1875. Her father, Hyrutm S. Young, was the son of the late President Brigham Young, of whom it is only necessary to mention his name to awaken in^the minds of thousands of people memories of the marvelous accom- plishments of that inspired leader. His mother, Emeline Free, was a charming woman of those early days. Emeline's mother, Lucy Georgianne Fox, was the daughter of Jesse Williams Fox and Eliza Jerusha Gibbs.
All the hardships, persecutions, and occasional romance of pioneer times are recalled with the names of thesce two people. Jesse Williams Fox is remembered as the first general surveyor of the territory of Utah and also as being one of the kindest and most unselfish of men, who might have made himself wealthy because of his opportunities to acquire choice tracts of land ; but these he passed by saying : "Let poor men have it."
In the veins of his wife, Eliza Jerusha Gibbs, Emeline's grandmother, ran the blood of the Carter family prominent in early church history.
Her family, consisting of three sisters and a brother, were orphaned when quite young. They lived in Montrose and fre- quently crossed the great Mississippi to and fro between that town and Nauvoo, during those troublous times. The brother, Gideon Carter Gibbs, was in the battle at Far West when the Saints were ordered to stack their arms and deed away their pro- perty to the enemy.
Eliza Jerusha, a girl of eighteen, crossed the plains in 1848 in the same company with Jesse Williams Fox, who, by the way, had been her school teacher. Friendship ripened into love, so the two decided to marry while on their journey. They had their first wedding supper sitting on an ox yoke, ,and spent their honey- moon wading streams, crossing deserts, and climbing mountains to an unknown land.
Emeline's father, Hyrum S. Young, who for a long time was cashier of the Deseret National Bank, was a loyal son, a de- voted husband, and an indulgent father, a gentleman in every
62 RELIEF SOCIETY MAGAZINE
sense of the word. Like her mother before her, Lucy Georgianne Fox was a gentle, kind, and hospitable woman, making friends of every one, especially the needy. She was one of the first women associated with the kindergarten movement in Utah, and became very active in that organization, holding meetings in her own home and assisting in organizing kindergarten groups. For many years she was counselor in the Salt Lake Stake Relief Society when Mrs. Clarissa S. Williams was president of that stake, hold- ing that position when she passed away to a more beautiful sphere of action.
Emeline was graduated from the normal school of the Uni- versity of Utah in 1895 and taught four and one-half years in the public schools of Salt Lake City. She was also active in Sunday School work.
In her choice of husband she was fortunate in joining hands with another notable pioneer family. Walter D., her husband, is the son of George Nebeker and Maria Dillworth. In the early 60,s Mr. Nebeker was called to preside over the Hawaiian Mission and also to start the sugar industry in that then far-away land. His wife, Maria Dillworth went with him and taught school, hav- ing a group of native children for her pupils. An interesting inci- dent is recalled in connection with this trip. Mr. and Mrs. Nebe- ker had both crossed the plains by ox teams ; now they must jour- ney to Sacramento in the same slow way, thus crossing the con- tinent in that weary, dreary mode of travel. They rode the great Pacific on a sailing vessel. But lo, what a change! Five years later when returning to Salt Lake City they traveled from San Francisco with what appeared to them to be the speed of the lightning. The Great High Way had been completed. This visit, however, did not terminate Mr. Nebeker's mission. He returned to the Islands, remaining four years longer, making a mission of nine years in all.
Since her marriage, as before, Emeline has been active in church organizations, having worked in the Primary, Mutual, and Relief Society. She has been ward president of each of these associations, also a stake officer in the Primary Association. At this writing she is president of the Twelfth-Thirteenth Ward Re- lief Society.
Emeline is able to trace her lineage on both sides to thafc eventful war which won American independence; consequently she is a member of the Ujtah State Society of the Daughters of the Revolution, and she has held the position of regent in that Institution. Civic work also has claimed her interest, and she is now a director on the Community Chest Board.
Emeline is the proud mother of two children, a son and a daughter. Both are attending school, the daughter in Junior High
MRS. EMELINE Y. NEBEKER * 63
and the son majoring in history at the University of Utah. She has a lovely home and is a real home-maker, believing absolutely that home happiness is the greatest factor in a successful life. What more need be said? Up to the present she has filled hei* mission nobly. Her natural abilities, her activities, and the ex- perience she has gained therefrom make her eminently fitted for the great work to which she has been called as a member on the General Board of the National Woman's Relief Society.
SNOWFLAKES
By Nina Eckhart Kerrick.
See snowflakes in the air,
Falling, falling, everywhere ;
In their crystal purity —
Thoughts, by words sent forth on earth,
Oft in sadnes, oft in mirth.
Oft in just the quiet way
That the snowflakes fall today,
Beautiful and pure and Oh!
It is God who made them so.
He who send the snow from heaven
To the world has also given
Blessed thoughts, so pure, devine,
Just to drift to earth and shine
Like the snowflake as it lay
Glistening on the ground today.
The Nutrition of the Child
(Prenatal and Postnatal) By Dr. L. L. Dairies, University of Utah.
In infancy, sickness and death are due largely to diseases, of the intestines and stomach and to acute respiratory diseases. There has been a remarkable decrease in the past few years in the death rate in infants from diseases of the intestines and stomach, mainly because we have a better knowledge of the proper diets for children.
For the welfare of the child clean heredity is not the only thing to be seriously considered during the prenatal period. While the twelve months before the child is born is the period most ne- glected in regard to his care and feeding, we are learning a great deal concerning what can be done then to guard his welfare in a physical way.
Diseases From Prenatal Conditions.
Breast milk is often deficient in the essential inorganic salts, as well as in vitamins — a fact that undoubtedly explains, at least partially why some breast-fed infants suffer from rickets, scurvy, goitre, etc. It seems safe to assume that the blame for this con- dition lies in improper prenatal maternal feeding.
Evidence is accumulating that the need of calcium and phos- phorus for bone building are greatest in foetal life. The calci- fication of the first teeth is said to begin early in the prenatal period ; while calcification of the second or permanent set begins some time before birth. The mother who at this time, is willing to in- clude in her food goodly quantities of these essential things is going far toward insuring the proper development of her child.
Another inorganic substance that is commonly lacking is iodine — a condition often completely neglected in the diet of the prenatal period. Dr. Robert Olesen, in Public Health Service, says: "During the prenatal period, iodine should be administered under the direction of the medical attendant, thereby preventing the development of goitre in the child as well as in the mother." The inorganic salts and vitamins needed by the foetus or the nursing infant cannot be built up in the mother's body ; they must be obtained from her food or from the store of such substances in her own body tissues-
Diet For Infants In the case of artificially fed infants, it is of course just as
THE NUTRITION OF THE CHILD .65
essential to concern ourselves with all these necessary elements. While many of the serious disturbances of digestion in infants are due to bacterial contamination of food, still perhaps as many, or more, such disturbances are due to improper balancing of the infant's food. The pediatrician, or specialist in children's dis- eases, can usually correct these conditions by a careful adjustment of the proteins, fats and carbohydrates. In proper hands, this is one of the most fruitful fields in the prevention and treatment of human disease.
It seems safe to say that a large proportion of the decrease in infant mortality is due to the intense interest that is being tak- en in foods and nutrition by the general public as well as by the medical profession. There never has been a time when so many people have been interested in foods and nutrition as now. This is because the importance of a proper diet for health and long life is more apparent than in the past.
In determining a proper diet, many things must be con- sidered, such as the right kinds and proper amounts of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. Mineral salts make up a very necessary part of the diet. It is desirable to give attention to the things that will stimulate the appetite; and we must carefully supply a suf- ficient amount of indigestible material to keep up the proper tone of the intestinal muscles.
* Substances Essential For Health
Recently there have been discovered five or six substances, whose presence in the food is necessary for health, for the proper physical development, and for the propagation of the race. Be- cause nothing is yet known of their chemical nature, they are assigned letters of the alphabet. The first to be discovered was vitamin C. This substance is present in milk and fresh uncooked vegetables and fruits, especially in orange, lemon and tomato juice, when these are ripened in the field. It is sensitive to boiling and even the temperature of pasteurization of milk, if air is present during the process, destroys it. Its absence from food for any length of time results in the development of a definite and serious disease called scurvy. This disease in infants occurs especially in babies who receive for many months a diet limited to heated cows milk, with or without cereal addition. These babies grow pale and fretful, fail to gain in weight, give evidence of tender- ness of the limbs, and perhaps bleeding of the gums. It is de- cidedly possible that in lighter cases, many of the so-called "grow- ing pains" may be evidences of this disease. The greatest danger lies in the fact that a marked susceptibility to infections is asso- ciated with this nutritional disturbance-
It has recently been determined that it is not the heat that
66 « RELIEF SOCIETY MAGAZINE
mainly destroys this vitamin but the oxidation that generally accompanies the process. If milk or other food is heated with but little access of air during the process, almost all of the vita- min is preserved. As a result of this knowledge it has recently been learned how to preserve vegetables and fruits so that they retain their antiscorbutic properties throughout the winter season. Even dried milk contains this factor in almost undiminished amount. This is due to the fact that dried milk is not subject to oxidation in its preparation.
The Water-Soluble Vitamins.
The next to be discovered was water-soluble vitamin B. This is now considered to be a complex and will probably bej called vitamins F. and G. It is present in milk, fresh vegetables, the hulls of cereals, in yeast, eggs and glandular meats, such as liver and kidneys. The absence of this vitamin complex from the diet permits the development of both Beri-beri and pellegra. Of far greater importance to us, however, is the fact that both these substances in vitamin B. are essential to growth. Several workers have repeatedly demonstrated the marked effect of this vitamin on the appetite. While often referred to as "growth- promoting," this vitamin, like each of the others, is essential to normal nutrition at all ages. This vitamin is not destroyed by boiling unless too liberal amounts of soda are added to the food during the process of cooking.
The third is fat soluble vitamin A. It is present in butter- fat, milk, eggs, and fresh green vegetables. It is found in the green leaves of plants and in general these are much richer in this vitamin than are other organs of the plant. The pale inner leaves of headed lettuce and cabbage are not nearly so rich as are the green outer leaves. Recent careful work has shown that the green plant tissues other than leaves, used as food in the form of string beans and green peppers are, like the green leaves, rich in
vitamin A-
McCollum found that by depriving an animal of vitamin A, a serious condition of the eye and other complications arise. Al- though this is important in times of war and famine, jwhen there is the most serious lack of these vitamins, under more nor- mal conditions the chief interest in vitamin A, centers around its importance in promoting growth as well as in being a regulatory substance.
Several investigators have emphasized the fact that respira- tory diseases are more frequent among experimental animals whose food is relatively poor in vitamin A. A liberal allowance of this vitamin certainly tends toward a higher degree of health and vigor ; and when more is consumed than is needed, the body
THE NUTRITION OF THE CHILD 67
has power to store the surplus and hold it available for future use. This has been found to be strikingly true both of young animals and of adults. That vitamin A plays an extremely im- portant part in the nutrition not only of the young but also of the adult, is now well established. Experiments by Sherman and McLeod in feeding two parallel groups of rats two types of diets, one rather low and the other fairly high in vitamin A, gave the very interesting result that the group given the liberal allowance of vitamin A lived on the average a little over twice as long as those on the diet equally good in all other respects but lower in vitamin A. This vitamin is relatively stable under the condi- tions generally maintained in the cooking of foods.
Rickets and Vitamin D.
Vitamin D is correlated with the development of rickets in children and has therefore been called the antirachitic vitamin. It is present in large amounts in cod-liver oil, and occurs in small quantities in butter-fat and the yolk of eggs. Rickets can be cured or prevented by exposure to summer sunshine or to ultra- violet rays, provided the sunshine is not robbed of its necessary properties as in passing through ordinary window glass.
It has been shown that the ultra violet irrodition of oils, in themselves not antirachitic, or cholestero, produces a substance identical with, or metabolically equivalent to, vitamin D. The insolation of this compound has recently been claimed. The de- velopment of rickets depends on an unsatisfactory relation among three dietary factors — calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D — and of sunlight. The results of recent experiments emphasize the fact that the outstanding feature of the disease is an incorrect metabolism of phosphorus rather than of calcium, and that this condition is brought about by insufficient amount of both vitamin D. and sunshine- Rickets is a disease of infancy. After the first two years of life, children become rapidly insusceptible to its development. The essential feature of the disease is a defect in the development of bone. This leads to deformity — to abnormal enlargement of the ends of the bones, and to distortion due to bending, owing to lack of resistance of the bone to the body weight. It is caused also by muscular tension and atmospheric pressure.
Features of Rachitic Diseases
Bow-legs, knock-knees, enlarged joints, flat or deformed chests, and abnormal conformations of the skull, are all the re- sult of failure by the bones to develop in a normal manner. These defects alone do not endanger the life of the infant. Only in severe cases are there permanent distortions and mechanical dis-
68 RELIEF SOCIETY MAGAZINE
ability. The disease presents, however, in addition to these de- fects in bone growth, other features indicating a general disturb- ance of nutritional processes. There is marked anemia, flabby musculation, and impairment of digestive function. Rachitic children are predisposed to dangerous gastro-intestinal distur- bances and readily contract infectious diseases, especially those of the respiratory tract. Since rickets is so widely prevalent it is indirectly responsible for a large part of infant mortality.
Findley in a recent survey of rickets says: "In England, as in most civilized countries, rickets is one of the most common diseases of children. Further, it is probably the most potent! factor in interfering with the efficiency of the race. It not only stunts the growth and causes deformities, some of which greatly increase the dangers of child-bearing, but it raises considerably the mortality rate of such diseases as measles and whooping cough."
It should be said that in order to suffer serious injury from any of these so called deficiency diseases, it is not necessary to have frank or severe cases of them. Scurvy and rickets, for example, may do serious damage without symptoms that would be readily recognized.
In pointing out the great importance of the vitamin D. (cal- cium-phosphorus combination in the proper development of the teeth) McCollum says: "While commendable as a general hy- gienic measure, mouth hygiene has little if anything to do with the preservation of the teeth. All measures hitherto proposed which stress cleanliness and prompt repair do not get at the root of the evil- The development during very early life of a sound set of teeth is the most important factor in preventive dentistry."
A Cause of Sterility In Animals
Recently a remarkable series of experiments has been pub- lished, setting forth the probability of another vitamin that is essential in preventing sterility in animals. It was found that on certain diets rats could grow to full maturity and appear nor- mal, but were incapable of reproduction. This condition can be cured or prevented by a change in the dietary program. This change involves the addition of certain single natural foods high in a new food factor, vitamin E : or the addition of much smaller amounts of extracts of these foods. This vitamin is found most abundantly in the lipoid extracts of cereal grains, but is abundant also in various leafy vegetables. Additional work has recently shown that young animals nursing from mothers deprived of this vitamin develop paralyses.
THE NUTRITION OF THE CHILD 69
The Best of Fopds
What foods, then, are important in furnishing these essential food factors? It is chiefly because of their outstanding import- ance as sources of vitamin A as well as calcium and the complete nature of their proteins that McCollum has designated milk and the green vegetables as the protective foods. In view of this fact, a Committee on Nutritional Problems appointed by the American Public Health Association emphasizes the importance of including milk in the daily diet to the extent of at least a quart for every child and not less than a pint for the adult. Sherman says that the standard of a quart of milk in some form every day should be maintained at least up to the age of 14 years.
In order to get an adequate supply of vitamin C, uncooked fruits and vegetables must be included in the diet.
Foodstuffs suitable for human consumption are, almost with- out exception, deficient in the antirachitic vitamin D. Butter and egg-yolk are the only common foods which have been shown to contain appreciable amounts. Cod-liver oil and sunshine have a marked protective as well as curative influence.
The glandular organs, such as liver, kidney, and sweetbread or pancreas, are extremely rich in vitamins as compared with! other parts. The mucle meats and cereals are very poorly sup- plied except for vitamin E. Milk, leafy vegetables, fresh uncooked fruits and vegetables, eggs, butter, cod-liver oil, and grandular meats are our protective foods, and they furnish in addition ap- petite stimulating substances and the necessary calcium and phos- phorus as well as other minerals. Apparently, too much of these important food factors cannot be taken. The American Public Health Association's Committee on Nutritional Problems says in its report: "Of total food (calories) we can advantageously use only a little more than we actually need; but in recent experi- ments with vitamins, intakes of several-fold the amounts dem- onstrably needed have shown no danger, but on the contrary have proved distinctly advantageous. As with fresh air, we can exist without conspicious injury on relatively little, but we can use) advantageously a many-fold, larger allowance, generally as much as we can conveniently get."
THE RELIEF SOCIETY OF THE CHURCH OF JESUS CHRIST OF LATTER-DAY SAINTS
Mottct — Charity Never Faileth THE GENERAL BOARD
MRS. LOUISE YATES ROBISON President
MRS. AMY BROWN LYMAN First Counselor
MRS. JULIA ALLEMAN CHILD Second Counselor
MRS. JULIA A. F. LUND .... General Secretary and Treasurer Mrs. Emma A. Empey Mrs. Cora L. Bennion Mm Elise B. Alder
Miss Sarah M. McLelland Mrs. Amy Whipple Evans Mrs. Inez K. Allen Mrs. Annie Wells Cannon Mrs. Ethel Reynolds' Smith Mrs. Ida P. Beal Mrs. Jennie B. Knight Mrs. Rosannah C. Irvine Mrs. Kate M. Barker
Mrs. Lalene H. Hart Miss Alice Louise Reynolds Mrs. Marcia K. Howells
Mrs. Lotta Paul Baxter Mrs. Nettie D. Bradford Mrs. Hazel H. Greenwood
Mrs. Emeline Y. Nebeker
Mrs. Lizzie Thomas Edwards, Music Director
RELIEF SOCIETY MAGAZINE
Editor Alice Louise Reynolds
Manager Louise Y. Robison
Assistant Manager Amy Brown Lyman
Room 20, Bishop's Building, Salt Lake City, Utah Magazine entered as second-class matter at the Post Office, Salt Lake City, Utah
Vol. XVII FEBRUARY, 1930 No, 2
EDITORIAL
Tobacco
A recent report published in the daily papers of the State, shows a marked increase in the sale of tobacco in Utah during the past year. We wish we could be sure that no women of the State were adding to this increase. Particularly are we anxious on behalf of women who have been reared in Latter-day Saint homes and have been taught the value of the Word of Wisdom. Yet reports occasionally come to us that seem to indicate that Latter-day Saint women are not 100 per cent strong on this point.
Last year a public official refused to eat at a restaurant in one of our towns south of Salt Lake because he said women smoking there offended him. As the population of that town is overwhelmingly Latter-day Saint, the chances are that some of the women who gave offense to that official are from Latter- day Saint homes.
One of the amazing facts of recent years is the way women have taken up smoking and we regret to say that frequently these women have been encouraged by their husbands to smoke. There are persons in official positions who think it just as intolerant to bar a woman from teaching because she smokes as because she has short hair or skirts of the prevailing length, but we are not of
EDITORIAL 71
that opinion. We think smoking is a habit that interferes with physical, mental, and spiritual growth, and that it is detrimental to motherhood.
Recently a group of American scientists were making their way by train through Continental Europe. A woman was with the men in one of the non-smoking compartments- She was a smoker, and consequently grew restless. She offered the gentle- men cigarettes, which they refused, saying, they did not smoke. She replied to their refusal, "This is embarrassing; do you mind my smoking?" This certainly looks like a case of tables turned; as we view it, — turned in the wrong direction.
Not long ago a woman riding on one of our railroads, found herself the victim of her own bad habit. She wanted to smoke ; she said she had to smoke, but added, "If I do, I shall give offense to every man and woman on this train". However she went into the smoker and began to smoke, and, as she had anticipated, there was a fuss. The conductor said that every woman in the car was scolding him for letting her smoke. She certainly was un- popular in that company, and very much to be pitied. Perhaps she took up with this undesirable habit by associating with men and women who urged smoking, and led her into it. Hence her trouble. Compared to the embarrassment of this woman the perverbial fish out of water is to be envied. W|e trust that Utah standards will not break down. Let us hold the line, even as the French held it at Verdun. "Thou shalt not pass," is as im- portant a slogan in the spiritual realm as it ever could be in the realm of the physical.
The Women in the Case
In our New Year's issue we paid tribute to President Her- bert Hoover and Premier Ramsey MaDonald. These two men deserve the support and confidence of all people who believe in the possibility of a better world — a world no longer torn by na- tional prejudice or by such strife as wars are made of.
And here we wish to pay tribute to the women who are officially hostesses for these two great men. Lou Henry Hoover is a college trained woman with fine American traditions behind her- She is socialized in the real sense. For years those close to her know how sincere have been her efforts to better untoward conditions in the world, and how generously she has given of her means to foster such movements- The Twentieth Century with its program of betterment for children and peace for hu- manity has in her an intelligent and sympathetic supporter.
The hostess of Premier Ramsey MacDonald is his daughter, Ishbel, a very serious minded young woman interested first of all in social work. While in America with her Father, she spent
72 RELIEF SO CIETY MA GAZINE
much of her time in settlements and other places where up-to-date social work is being done. She and her father attended a social work Conference in New York City ; afterwards they were guests of Miss Lillian Wald of Henry street Settlement fame, of the Settlement Workers' Home in Saugatuck, Connecticut. This is the second time Miss MacDonald has been her father's hostess at No. 10 Downing Street. During Mr. Stanley Baldwin's term of office she devoted herself very actively to Social Work in Eng- land.
Surely the world is growing better. It is a far cry from the time when the poor little ignorant Queen of France, Marie An- tonette, hearing the murmurings of the mob in front of the Palace, asked why they were protesting; when told that they were asking for bread, she exclaimed, "Why don't they eat cake?"
Mrs. Hoover and the young Miss MacDonald are each zealous that their grasp of present day situations shall be in a high degree intelligent and comprehensive.
Welfare Work of the League of Nations
Social workers the world over will be interested in knowing of the Welfare Work that has been done by the League of Nations during the ten years of its existence. For that reason we include the following account of Welfare Work as published by the New York Times, January 5, 1930 :
"The League health organization, and especially its conference at Warsaw in 1922, attended by twenty-eight States, including Russia and Turkey, has been a most powerful influence in pre- venting the spread of epidemics from Eastern Europe and laying down principles of international health control.
The League's conference on the protection of children and the traffc in women have created legislation in various States checking cruelty and immorality and educating world opinion.
One of its most humane works was the repatriation of 500,000 war prisoners who still despaired behind their barbed wire four years after the armistice.
Another was its rescue of Russian refugees and other victims of war and revolution. In this work the American Red Cross gave generous help.
A committee of the League was appointed in 1924 to secure more efficient suppression of slavery and forced labor among primitive peoples and its conventions have been signed by forty- six states.
The Opium Commission has not yet succeeded in restricing the traffic in that drug owing to the fortunes gained by the evasion of regulations.
The absurdity of the passport system in Europe and its constant annoyance to travelers have been lessened by represen- tations from Geneva to various governments.
Every Wednesday Evening
By Ivy Williams Stone.
At three o'clock on Wednesday afternoon Nancy Ware was hurrying to finish her ironing. There remained only the rompers, six pairs of them for the sturdy, robust twins, also the baby's creepers. The dish towels and sheets, smoothly folded, but un- ironed, were piled on Jhe table. The sink was full of milk bottles and unwashed dinner dishes. Little ripples of lint lay under the ironing board and around the table legs. Baby Jean had been fretful with her teeth, and the boys had run away. Now, in the temporary peace caused by the three little sleepers, Nancy ironed with desperate haste.
She had to get through. The kitchen must be cleaned and the dining room dusted. Most good housewives would have their ironings finished by Tuesday evening. Thus pondered Nancy, as the iron sputtered over a wax crayon in a coverall pocket But perhaps they did not have three babies ; and besides, it was her birthday. The icecream was ripening in the basement, and the cake only lacked icing. John would be sure to bring her a gift, and they would have a family celebration.
Nancy hurriedly pressed the last coverall. She was leaning over to disconnect the iron when the doorbell rang with an in- sistence that would have awakened the sleeping babies, had iit not been muffled.
"Company," muttered Nancy, pulling a wry face. "Of all times!" Brushing a lock of moist hair from her forehead, she hastened to answer. There stood a Personage, who in contrast to Nancy's flushed appearance could only be called "The Cool Lady." From her perfect fresh marcel to the tips of her new tan slippers she reflected a study in personal care.
"How do you do, Nancy?" The voice was musical, per- fectly modulated.
"Why," floundered Nancy, struggling to place this face in the mental gallery of people she used to know.
"May I come in?" A hand as white as any lily of the field opened the screen ; and with a faint odor of delicate perfume, the Cool Lady entered the clean but toy-strewn room. One rocker held a set of tinker toys, another a sand dumper ; while a set of blocks littered the floor. Nancy hurriedly cleared a chair and thrust it toward her guest. "O Henrietta Long," she cried tri- umphantly, "Where, oh where, did you drop from? Why, I haven't seen you since we graduated!"
"Not since that June night when you successfully screened
74 RELIEF SOCIETY MAGAZINE
John and me while we sat out a dance I cut with funny little Laf- fy Myers. Have you ever seen him since? I'm spending the summer with Grandma Long. Remember, I lived with her when I went to High."
"And John and I have been married seven years," mused Nancy. "Have you. ever — "
"Never," supplied Henrietta. "Guess you think my name has been Long long enough. But I went to France as a war worker. Since then I've been teaching home economics in High School." A turn of the beautiful hands revealed nails polished and manicured to perfection.
Truly Henrietta was beautiful ; didn't look a day older either, except that she had a touch of arch poise. As Nancy surveyed the waxwhite profile, the drooping lids, the charming mouth, she was acutely aware that her own hands bore the stains of recent apple jelly. She knew her nails hadn't been polished for months, that her marcel was nearly gone. She was swept with an in- feriority complex. She felt a surging return of the old, inex- plicable resentment which Henrietta used to create. She had al- ways seemed so superior. She had always conveyed the opinion of having the most dresses, the newest styles, the highest grades, the most beaux. How well Nancy remembered the eventful even- ing Henrietta had just sketched. She had been beautiful in her flowered mulle, long, of course, with three-quarter sleeves. She had always possessed a way of making the boys curious over little nothings, and her programs were always full.
There had been an odd little fellow in their class — Lafayette Myers. But because he was queer and lived among the retorts and bottles of the chemistry laboratory, everybody called him "Laffy." Somehow he had managed a dance with Henrietta and she had cut it — and sneaked out on the balcony with John. Nancy's John ! That, of course, long before he had noticed those sterling qualities which made Nancy a most desirable life companion. Laffy Myers had been unable to find Henrietta. So, after his near-sighted eyes had traversed the hall twice, he had sat the dance out with Nancy. She had been obliged to appear interested in his technical explanations of blue liquids in retorts and of the ant- idote for something he expected to perfect. • Nancy fancied she could still see his rapt expression, the skrewed-up face, the blink- ing eyes behind the thick lenses. All the time Myers had talked and Nancy had pretended to listen, she could hear Henrietta's subdued laughter from the balcony. Henrietta had really ex- pected too much!
As she faced her graceful, smiling guest, all these memories in kaleidoscopic array flashed across Nancy's mind- Henrietta's delicate yellow silk heightened the whiteness of her skin. In con-
EVERY WEDNESDAY EVENING 75
trast Nancy compared her own housedress to sack-cloth and ashes.
Suddenly Henrietta sniffed and puckered her nose. "I smell, smell something burning/' she said.
"Oh my gracious 1" cried Nancy, dashing kitchenward. "I forgot the iron !"
Henrietta followed the precipitated Nancy. They found the cloth charred under the iron, but otherwise no harm done.
"Are you ironing ?" queried Henrietta. "Wjhy Grandma and I finished ours Monday afternoon. Mustn't get slack, Nancy I"
"I was just finishing when you rang," defended Nancy. . "Oh, no !" contradicted Henrietta, "you weren't finished. All these sheets and teatowels — "
"I don't iron them," countered Nancy. "They are healthier sun kissed. All doctors claim that."
"I'll iron them," announced Henrietta with finality. "They'll look so beautiful you'll want them so always. Tidy up your sink and get your dinner started. I believe I'll stay and see old John."
"We have dinner at noon. But we'll be glad to have you eat supper with us, Henrietta- It's my birthday, and John will be delighted to see you."
"The nicest people," added Henrietta, moving the iron with snail-like speed over the first hem of the first sheet, "The people who care, have dinner at six and lunch at noon. Supper is obso- lete."
"But John can't sleep if he eats heavily at night ;" and Nancy, washing dishes with lightning rapidity, felt the old sweeping re- sentment rising within her. Henrietta should not remodel the customs of their home with her notions on etiquette.
Nancy finished the kitchen, dusted the dining room, cleared the litter of toys from the living room, before Henrietta reached the last hem of the fourth and last sheet. Nancy put away the coveralls and, unobserved, tucked the unironed teatowels into their proper drawer. After all, one must be courteous to the guest.
"Let me put away the board." she offered.
Henrietta relinquished the iron with no protest, making no inquiry about the missing towels. "I do feel rather fatigued," she admitted. "Strange how strenuous work weakens one !"
The babies awakened and Nancy cuddled and mothered each one in turn. Then, while baby Jean drained her bottle, the boys were dressed in white suits. Presently two sturdy, fine speci- mens of future manhood stood before Henrietta. "Now" thought Nancy with pardonable pride, "Henrietta can't brag of nicer chil- dren than ours."
"You should dress them in colors, Nancy, never white."
"But white boils clean." began Nancy, then stopped. Why argue with Henrietta? She always would be superior-
76 RELIEF SOCIETY MAGAZINE
"White," continued Henrietta, as if addressing a class in sewing, is a difficult color for even the very beautiful to wear.,, Here one of the twins poked an inquisitive finger toward the pale yellow silk.
"Oh don't let him touch me," she cried. "He'll spoil my gown." Thus admonished, little John took refuge behind Nancy and cast frightened glances toward the cool lady.
Nancy hurried to prepare the meal. Supper or dinner — at least they must eat; the best linen and the sterling silver; Havi- land china for the three adults ; heavier ware for the boys, with a baby plate for Jean.
"Why don't you give your boys the good china too ?" queried Henrietta, surveying the table critically.
"They can't be trusted yet," replied Nancy determined not to become ruffled. "Since the war, you can't match the better china."
"Teach your children a love for the beautiful and they will treat it accordingly," chanted Henrietta in a class-room voice. "Children must be trained to handle good dishes. You should have used a boiled icing on your cake, Nancy."
Nancy thought of the time little John threw his spoon and shattered her one piece of Tiffany cut glass. She also thought of the pale yellow silk he had been forbidden to touch, and smiled silently.
Six o'clock brought John, carrying a confectioner's box. Nancy, looking sweet and happy in her pink frock, smiled joyous- ly at his greeting. Thoughtful John, who never forgot!
"Sweets to the sweet, Mrs. Ware," he called, extending his gift, "even if you are thirty and married." He bent to kiss her but Henrietta, who had slipped behind the door, now stepped, between them- "Not in public," she reproved archly, "it isn't good form. How do you do, Johnny? My, but you're fat!"
"Why Ritta," cried John Ware, seizing her hand with what seemed to Nancy over zeal. "This is a pleasant surprise. From where, what to and why?"
To John and Henrietta the meal was food with memories. Nancy, feeding the baby and serving the boys, found little oppor- tunity to eat.
"Do you remember the time you and I cut Latin and went rowing?" queried Henrietta, tapping John familiarly with her cake fork.
"You mean played hooky and got all wet on the raft?" counted John. "This is sure some cake, Nancy. Mind if I have another piece?"
"It would have been better with boiled icing," persisted Hen- rietta, nibbling daintily.
John stopped eating and shot a quick glance at Henrietta,
EVERY WEDNESDAY EVENING 77
then on to Nancy.' Then a queer little smile puckered his lips and he almost whistled.
"Do you remember the time I sprained my ankle and you practically had to carry me home?"
"Um-Hum — " mumbled John eyeing the last piece of cake.
"Do you remember/' continued Henrietta with her old gaiety and air of mystery, "the time you coaxed me to cut Laf fy's dance and hide with you on the balcony? Wasn't the moon georgeous and the lilacs heavy with perfume?"
"I remember old Laffy sitting the dance out with Nancy — made me sore," mumbled John, his mouth not quite empty.
"Help me up," commanded Henrietta. "Let's go sample Nancy's candy."
Nancy had already risen with baby Jean in her arms. But Henrietta sat still, holding out her hand toward John who, finally understanding, gave her a none too gracious assistance.
Nancy went to the bedroom ; Henrietta, with never a glance toward the disheveled table, led the way to the living room. As John passed, he picked up his still unopened newspaper.
"Oh, you mustn't read with guests around," admonished Henrietta, "it isn't done."
As Nancy undressed the two little boys, a service usually per- formed by a proud father, she heard the crackling of paper as Henrietta unwrapped the precious box of candy. There was not room for many boxes of candy in their strict budget. As she tried to quiet the fretful little Jean, Henrietta's voice drifted in, musical and modulated, but always beginning, "Do you remem- ber, Johnny?" How he loathed the term Johnny.
Finally peace reigned among the three little sleepers and Nancy tiptoed out. Henrietta had moved beside John on the divan and emphasized the high points of her reminiscences with little taps on his arm or knee.
"I was surely surprised when that French Colonel kissed me and pinned the medal. Ah, Nancy, your candy was wonderful. John has a good memory. He used to buy the same kind for me!"
"I really must be going," she added, "beauty sleep comes be- fore midnight." She looked significantly at John who had slid to the far edge of the divan and was stealthily reading the head- lines.
"I'll walk a ways with you," smiled Nancy. "The air will do me good, and it gets rather dark before you reach the arc light." "But you'll be afraid to come back," reasoned Henrietta. "It's not modern, I know, but I still feel safer with an escort."
At this direct hint John dropped his paper and rose hurriedly. "Come on," he said, "I'll get you there in a hurry." "Do come again," urged Nancy, who felt she could and should be nice to Henrietta. After all, her life was narrow.
78 RELIEF SOCIETY MAGAZINE
"I'd love to. I'll be here all summer. Suppose we say every Wednesday evening? I'll enjoy old friends — old memories- Thanks, Nancy."
As they went down the walk Nancy turned toward the library table. The box contained little frilled cups and crumpled tinsel, but not one piece of candy.
She was clearing the table when John returned shortly after. He was whistling and radiant. "Helloo, Mrs. Ware/' he bantered, "was your candy good?"
"You and Henrietta," began Nancy.
"Henrietta only" contradicted John. "I ate only a chocolate nut. That girl is some whiz with sweets. Wonder she isn't sick. But she offered to teach me golf, so I won't get too heavy. She's keeping her looks, though, in spite of time. You'd better have your hair curled again to-morrow, hadn't you?"
"Say," he called from the bedroom after the dropping of one shoe and before the falling of its mate, "Henrietta told me what's become of that little old Laffy Myers. He's got a job in the ex- periment lab. at the State U. He married, and had two pairs of twin boys. Then his wife died. Think I'd stay in the lab- too !" finished John-
Thereafter for ten strained weeks Nancy's life became one round of getting ready for Wednesday evenings and clearing up afterwards. Each week Henrietta came fresh and resplendent in a different gown. Each week she suggested new dishes and desserts — all expensive in ingredients, time consuming in their preparation, and unsuited to the diet of growing babies. Somehow, Nancy got her laundry out of the way by Tuesday evening. She managed to have her hair marceled weekly. Each Wednesday evening found the Ware home clean and tidy, the table set with the best linen and china. As always in the old school days, Henrietta had her way.
At first John was interested in the prospective golf lessons. But when he learned the price of sticks and club dues, his en- thusiasm waned. "Can't cut it this year," he negatived Henri- etta's urgings, "got too many little shoes to buy."
So Henrietta brought a checkerboard. While Nancy sang strained lullabyes to the teething Jean, Henrietta and John became absorbed in the intricacies of kings and double corners. Every evening John had to walk home with Henrietta. And Nancy, washing the delicate china with dangerous haste, yielded to the insidious encroachings of jealousy. John was staying a trifle later each Wednesday evening. He seemed less his buoyant self. He was impatient with the babies, reserved toward Nancy.
On the tenth Wednesday night he was unusually late- The dishes were washed, three little sets of clothes were arranged for
E VER Y WEDNESDA Y E VENING 79
the morning, and Nancy was setting the table for brakfast when he arrived. He looked elated, like a person who has finished a set, odious task.
"Where's the paper? Late, as it is, I'll read the headlines." He dropped his shoes in the living room and stretched out con- tentedly on the divan.
The next week was an unhappy one for Nancy. Stung by jealousy she attached grave meanings to John's every look or action. Her mirror revealed swollen eyes and occasional tears sizzled on the iron as she hurried through this odious task. She dared not seek advice, urged by pride to keep her misgivings to herself. Good John, unsuspecting John, like clay in Henrietta's clever hands !
Finally, after wakeful nights, Nancy devised a plan of defense. She sent the washing to the laundry. She hired Edna Watts, who wanted odd jobs, to tend the babies and clean the house. There- upon Nancy went shopping. She choose a dress as elaborate as any Henrietta had flaunted, with slippers and hose to match. She had her hair trimmed, shampooed and marceled. When she left the shop, her finger nails were brilliantly polished. For once the terms of their budget were flagrantly disregarded.
In her marketing she selected an elaborate meal. She would keep Edna to help serve, watch the babies, wash the dishes. She, Nancy, would stay in the parlor and be a member of the walking home party. She would learn, first hand, the important things Henrietta had to say to John-
Turning a corner hurriedly, she encountered a little man. A very diminutive man with skrewed-up face and doubly thick lens in his glasses.
"Excuse me," he muttered apoligetically, "I did not see you !"
Nancy's reply was a spontaneous laugh- "Why Laf fy Myers, where did you come from ? and what brings you to this old town again ?
"Upon my word, Nancy!" The little man seemed glad to see again a familiar face. "You haven't changed a bit. I'm snatching a two-day vacation, and ran down to meet an old friend. Can't take longer. You remember that antidote I once told you I was perfecting? Well, it's almost perfected. I've tested it on several forms of animal life and it responds beautifully. Really, Nancy, I'm so engrossed. It will mean the saving — "
"How about your babies — your children ?" demanded Nancy, more concerned over the welfare of babies than the saving of; poisoned adults.
"Oh— yes." The tone lost its enthusiasm. "That's what brings me to see this old friend. They must be cared for."
He made the excuse of haste and hurried on. Nancy, watch-
80 RELIEF SOCIETY MAGAZINE
ing the retreating form, thought of the motherless boys whose father had no time for their care. Then her thoughts reverted again to her own problems, the memory of Laffy Myers fading with the cares of her own day.
Five-thirty found Nancy ready and expectant. The flush of conflict made her cheeks becomingly pink ! the new gown certainly made her look younger. The house was clean, the children spot- less, the table perfect. Nancy sat down to await the coming of her husband and guest. At six-thirty John arrived with a confection- ar's box under his arm.
"Gosh, Nancy, but you look nice," he commented- Then reaching for the paper he stretched out full length on the divan and kicked off his shoes.
Nancy sat puzzled. Why didn't he dress for dinner? Hen- rietta would be here any minute. There was a tiny round hole jn the toe of John's sock. If he didn't get it covered, Henrietta would comment on the duty of wives !
John finished the paper and sat up inquiringly. "Supper ready?" he grinned.
"Why yes," answered Nancy. "Long ago. But you wouldn't eat without your guest, would you? This is Wednesday, you know."
John stared incredulously, then understanding slowly dawned upon him.
Have you cooked dinner for Henrietta" he demanded. "Do you mean to tell me you don't know?"
"I know nothing except that Henrietta comes to dinner every Wednesday evening. I have tried to prepare a nice dinner for your friend—"
"My friend" scoffed John. She never was my friend, except in her own mind. What you've had her here all summer for, beats me. Making me take her home nights when my feet ached and J wanted to read the paper. Last time I yawned in her face three times before she got through asking for advice and guidance."
"Advice? What for?" gasped Nancy, half stupidly, half happily.
" 'Bout old Laffy Myers. He wrote and asked her to marry him. Said he'd take a couple of days off from his beloved retorts- They were married at noon and took the afternoon train back to his antidotes and bottles and babies. Now I know she's gone, I've brought you another box of candy."
Nancy's hands trembled as she took the proffered box. Be- fore her mind marched the array of her groundless fears and sus- picions. She felt nothing but compassion for Henrietta — playing to the galleries to the very last. How narrow her life had be- come ! Now Nancy understood the superior mannerisms, the lit-
EVERY WEDNESDAY EVENING 81
tie criticisms. Having no home, no babies, Henrietta had pre- tended an indifference for all the little services and sacrifices that make up a life worth living. Poor Henrietta! She would no longer wear pale yellow silks, or serve every meal on Haviland china !
"What say/' continued John, since you're all dolled up and Edna's here to tend the babies, that we take in a show ?"
Nancy smiled demurely. "Supper is ready," she answered. "Not luncheon or dinner, but plain, old fashioned supper"
The Place of Woman in the Farm Home
By Dr. Thomas L. Martin, Agronomist, Brigham Young
University.
At various times a feeling has prevailed that agricultural work is not dignified. This feeling has changed, or is changing. During the last ten years social and economic leaders, have sensed the need of a more sympathetic regard for the farm ; and in order to counteract the migration to the city which robs the country of much of its leadership they have used their energies to create a better attitude toward country life- They are doing everything in their power to get farmers to organize- They aim to bring about conditions which will make the country so attractive that it will take its due place in civilization.
Country roads are being improved. Ease of communication is aiding advertisers to offer the installment buying system thus putting their goods into rural homes. Changed conditions are in- fluencing the thinking in the farm home. Extension work through colleges, country high schools, country agents, farmer's bulletins, and leadership-week activities are doing their part. Rural Ideas are changing all. This is of vital interest, for it has its influence on each member of the farm family, particularly on the farm1 woman.
The Mother Overlooked
In the rural home the mother has been overlooked. Her im- portance has not been appreciated. She it is to whom one must look for leadership in rural life. She is the spiritual force in the home, the guardian of her children. Her presence, her hands, her smile, her fingers, have always done their part in stimulating the men who have ruled the world. She is always home while the workers are in the field. If the father is sick, she manages the farm. If he becomes disappointed she gives him courage. She is the one who knows the child mind before the child can talk. She interprets one child to another and composes their conflicts.
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She interprets the father to each child. She is the very founda- tion of the home. Without her the nation would dwindle into de- cay. And it is to the mother of the farm home that the nation must return if American civilization is to continue.
Why Help The Farm Mother?
Because of her importance in life, woman must be given more consideration. It may be that man has done his part ; yet our rural surveys of the standard of living and conditions in the home reveal the fact that man has been negligent. He has built the house and then assumed that his home job was completed. The four walls of shelter have been provided, but what else ? Has it ever been con- sidered that those four walls constitute the woman's workshop? It is in this workshop that ideals develop and it is here that in- spiration for the accomplishment of those ideals is created. But long hours of lifting, carrying, cleaning, labor with utensils, with clothing, etc., have fatigued her until it has stamped its impress upon her countenance. As one great writer has stated, "Fatigue has poisoned her nervous system, has weakened her capacities and energies for which she is noted and needed, and has made- many a promising young maiden decide that such is the fate of all who accept rural life."
Farm Life and Insanity
Statistics indicate that there is a lot of insanity in the world and that, with the exception of' the alcohol addict, a vast number of the insane are recruited from rural homes. It is estimated that 80 per cent of the inmates of a Georgia institution are wives and daughters of farmers. The rural socioligists attempt to explain this condition as probably due to drudgery and lack of social life. This explanation may be right or wrong, yet the mother is often made a beast of burden because of the great labor she must per- form in the home where conveniences have not been considered. Unthinkingly on her part or on the part of the household, she takes the burden of the sacrifices in the home.
When the woman on the farm wears out her vitality, the well of inspiration is dry. The spirit life in the farm home is dead. Can we do something for her ?
What Can We Do For Farm Homes?
The story is told, of one woman who said that she would like to live on the farm, but that her husband must make the home in which she lived a fit place for living. It was agreed that this should be done. The farm home was made over, the house re- arranged with the same care that is given in planning barns for high grade livestock. Windows were lengthened to admit more
THE PLACE OF WOMAN IN THE FARM HOME 83
light,, a porch was added, cement walks were laid from the front porch- She insisted on and secured a side porch and drive-way to the barn. Windows were arranged for a good view of the out- side world, the kitchen was painted white, water faucets were placed in the kitchen, cupboards were built in, gas lights were in- stalled, a bath tub found its place, a well lighted laundry was built in the basement, a sink installed in the laundry, and sewer pipes were connected with a cesspool. A windmill was erected ; auto- matically it pumped air and water for a large pressure tank in the basement. A gasoline engine was installed for light and heat. This sounds like a tremendous lot of luxurious things, but the cost, the windmill excepted, was less than $500. Who will deny that the changes were not worth more to the comfort of the home than would be a used Ford? That farmstead was changed over from one on which a living was to be made to one which provided for nearly all the privileges that can be secured in the much lauded town home.
Can Farms Afford The Above Expenses?
All farmers in our country cannot do just what is above indi- cated but they certainly can spare a few dollars for at least the fundamentals of decent working conditions for the women. There are many leisure days in the twelve months of the year. During these periods much that would relieve the burden of the housewife could be done by the husband.
This question is serious. Consider the tendencies in city homes. The nation seems to be growing city minded, because city life pro- vides pleasant home conditions. But in the city there are less than two children to the home. In such homes the mother loses both the home instinct and the family instinct. Rural leaders in- sist tnatthe nation must return to the mother of the farm home. The farm woman lives longer than the city woman, her average life being five years more. She is less frequently found in the di- vorce court. The apartment houses and family hotels destroy domesticity and weaken home ties. The entertainment is much more conventionalized and superficial.
The Nation In Danger
How different in the farm home and with farm woman. If one but makes observations he will be led to the conclusion that as the nation continues its city-mindedness so will it arrest the com- pletion of its destiny. The mother of the farm home is the bul- wark of the nation and should be treated as such-
Rural life needs attention. The accusation is made that the best blood is leaving the country and moving to the city. The condition is becoming alarming. Latter-day Saints pride them-
84 RELIEF SOCIETY MAGAZINE
selves on their wonderful home life. Great claims are made, yet it will prove profitable if the father and mother in our rural homes will take stock of a very important and delicate situation — the conditions of the farm home and the attitude toward the mother of the farm home. Fathers should co-operate with mothers and make the home a better place in which to live. Some of the sup- posed luxuries of life must be placed in the home and the stand- ards of living improved. An attempt at city conveniences must be made. Pictures, carpets, wall paper, running water, cupboards, closets, sinks, and many things of convenience must be there. Magazines other than those at fifty cents a year are needed. Good Housekeeping, Literary Digest, Pictorial Review, Geographic Magazine, Popular Science Monthly, as well as the religious mag- azines of the Church will do much to make life more pleasurable