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^

THE

MONTHLY REVIEW;

O R, LITERARY JOURNAL:

From January to JukSi xjyu

WITH

AN APPENDIX

Containing the FoRKlcN LiteratcRS. Bv SEVERAL HANDS.

VOLUME XLVL

LONDON: Primed for R* G a I F F I T H « :

Ami $olct by T, fiicjcxT tnd P. A. I>eHoiidt» in ihe Siriind.

U^DQQ^XXIU

240058

• •,% '

T A B L

TO T H B

E

Titles, Authors Names, &c* of the Book! and Pamphlets contained in this Volume.

N. Bi For RBMARICABLE PASSAGES, fee the I N D E Xj at the End of the Volume.

British Pubx.icatiok3.

^% For tlie CoMTtifTs of the Foreign articles, fee the M page of

this TMt.

A.

ADDITIONS CO Price's Obf. on Anoatties, Uc* 97

Aodkiis to the Kiag, 161

— ^^-«^ to the Privy Council oq

ihe Affaiw of Jcrfey, 2 5 S

AovAHTACics of Deliberation, 79 Atcix'i Thoaghta on HofpicaU,

605 AiTKiKi'i Ei&yf in Surgery* 446 Aloiizo* 537

A Ml? SEME NTS for the Ladtcs, 262 ArFfcJtotK to a Sermon on Sub-

fcnpiM>o. 6ti

AiciiMENTS for aboli fhtng S ab f.

(eriodily cofifiderctt, i6z

ATLASITtC Filot, Cl6

BA ic £ ft *— Opu fcuU Med . 2^3 Bciiurui of the Maga^iues, 462 BifcDOf ofiiheETeflricFImd, 143 ■ oa the PudecciAgra, A45

Bt%tKGEA*s Hiii. of iiorieman* (hi Oft ^1

Bt«Mtf<CH AU Counierfrit« ^40 BLAiicaiK oa 'Chiitid^U Medt.

Kl »:• ?i« I ncol^tir^o, jyj

^LiCX£ i/M ilia yjJo*v Fever ^ ^^o

Holland's MeffloirSf

* genuine Life of.

261

ib.

5<^

Bolts on India AHairt, Bo5*s Antiq* ^i Greece,

Bossu'f Travels, ^_

BooOAiNYiLLs's Voyage ronnd

the World, 204

Britain's Ljfe» 166 Brown B,Win. his p^f ticalWo.ks^

Britannia Libera, 551

Bu irLaR*a Imrodo^on to the L^w

of Trials, &c- 54a

BoLKLBV ft Dillourf.t, Vol ft i

Vol*. lli.>adJV. 127

B u K G /J AN h's '\ccoaii i of the Coo-

verfjon of a few, 68

Bt;iiftow*s Reports in theKi.j^'s

Bench, Vol. 11 r. ^1^

CArdonni'i Mlfcellany of Ejllcrn Lcarojncj, 614

Carte R*f Ex, of C>iai^;an, ifi

Ca TY -^ NafMra^ Wr. 613

Cif A RACIER o the Eii^Wiih Na-

tiott^ 76

CHESHfi> B See MtiT:^. Cmaistjan^VKi^S ut^tt 10 tW ,

II otCwmmonit t^^

A 1 Qvk^\%^\Hi^

CONTENTS nf

J^^MsTiAit;V^J4^% Secoadixua. Jlfi.Veigy'a^A^^ of the Heaxt^ ' •■ "■ ' - VohlV. -164

— Lovers, Vol. IF. 263 Dialogue between cvwo Gentle- men on Subfcription», 164

— 00 Diftrcfs for Rent^

257 Dictionary of Chcmiftry, BiscoA/RSK^n RtligJoDy Dx s N fc Y 'i Sermons, Do c 7 k » K4} s of the Tnd. lee. Duitsch's Converfion,

17 DwA R Ds's Letter la Hanbury^

•tothe M. ef-^emmons, ■ "162 Cl A K K on (hoeing Hori'es, , 26 1 CLBRGYMANVpL'ttertotlieArcb^

bifhopoFCsM' ^ 65

Collection of Papers on Sub-

fcription, S47;

CoLLEKioce's Latin Grammar^

*CbiiMtMT on CftnftVPl<vei',''5 ^8

CoHPAkA.TlVB View of the pub-.

lie Burdens of Britain and de-

^ -lard, ,; ' 6a6

Confusion worfe confounded^

Co K J E c T VREs on ihc New T«ll^ Ll h s on the Gonorrhcca,

555 Emblems for Youth,

Conjugal Love, 528*

Con qu t ST ofCbrika- a Trag' 1 68

Considerations on the projefl-

^.: ed lleiormatioity 163

■ on thelndi^ity,

&c. of the D. of C/a Marriage,

166

m^ on India Afiairi,

. . on Money, &c.

*43 on the Mutiny

195

265

61J

68

617 252 26a

Emcyclopedie. See Select.

fe K F I E L o"s Pi-eachcr*s Dhreftory , 6S

Epistle from Mrs. B. to the D* ofC , 80

Epocha, 45^

Aft,

449 on the Eaft In-

dies, , . 4>o

■ »■ ^— on Cfim. Law,

■ on Matrimony,

616 Contemplative Man, 263

CoRREsFOKDENCB With the Re- viewers, i6v;, 272, 468, 5489

Critical Remaiks en Nowel's Sermon, 270

Cumberland*^ Fiifhlonable Lo- ver, 167 D.

DAliiymplb*8 Plan for ex- tending Commerce, 449 JL/Ai TON*s 6crmon^ 268

Dk Brahni*s Atlantic Pilot, ^56 Dfscode I z*5 ancient Buildings at Rome, 1 40

DfiTfCTXoN of Dr» C« Sera* 61 1

bssAY on the Theory of Money,

« on the hmnan Soul, 254

■ ■ on the Right to fpeak and write/ra^, 449

■ on fatirical Entertain- ments, 549

Essays, moral, phitof. &rc. 382 .•— — by the Author of New- market, 460

■ on Song- writing, 558 EwiNc'sSynopfts of Mathematics,

536

ExposTULATORY Addrefs, 467

Extract of WeQey's Journal, ib.

F.

FAl K *8 Ready Reckoner, 69 Far MER^skxaminationof Lc

Moine, 466

Fash 10 NAB LB Lover; a Com. 167 Feelings of the Hea^t, 62; Female Frailty, 78

Fine Lady, ^t^j

FiTz Steve Ns'sDefcript. of Lon^

don, 624

Five Letters on important Sub*

jeas, 492

— - ■ toMr. F— T, 468

Fleming on Gofpel Revelat. 607 Flbtcubr* Sec FztbL£ttbr».

F&liB

ihi ENGLISH BOOKS.

Put Resiifks on a cfinoo, i6i FitAi^ Gerund, 228

■ concluded, 43 j

FrtL Refuution, Arc. cjf tlie P<?*

ciuoiiei'Sy 162

G.

GOwkk'i Sketch nf Materials for theHif!, of CheJhit^, 199 <>^ ec I A ic Daughter; aTrag, 259 Gk£eii*s HMixt\zn Oration^ 626 H.

HAlX £ R V BihlhtkifMt Sec. 213 JiiiLLjrAx'3 Three Scrtnonr, 26'^ Ha MrraN*^ Polybius.Vol.lL 459 , HA»iWAY on the DiiToiutcncfs of the People, 501

Hakrixcton^s AfDufcoiencs for the Ladicf, ^62

iHAftvE5Ti LeUen on Siibfcrfp- tjonj* 165

HiwsoN on ihc Blood, 25 i

^ HiaoiRT's Enquiry ioio the Stafe alter De4th, 467

jHiLi. on the Pecafite Root* 24S kHtliGE5TON^ Difcourfes, 1 14 ■ History of L^dy Barton, 165

^ of Friar Gerund, 228

- concluded, 433

- of Car. Manners* 265 of Fern, Favcuiitef, ib.

■ of Ujc Jour bll ^-i«c)ioiis for Suffolk, 450

HoLtowAv's Letter to FicidsnVr,

617

HoftsC'SRoeiKc. Sec CLAItlC. iHou a before Marna^e, 4 5 7

IHvktcr*s Naiaral HiUory of the

6^.3 484 See

Teeth, |HuitD 00 the Prophcri*?,

— concluded, I. ¥Acos*s Law Di^lignary^

jAUt»'ftHillory of the Herculean

Scmrts, 618

Jiaser. See Shbbbcarf. See

AooaifSi. SeeTrnANKr*

iLLiKcf K*sG3u*e^ 70

gJiiratfOiitltK r for Debt conli-

deicd. J 67

f'lteu A&kh 356, 415, 535

Indischeet Connexion, 53^

Indolence, a Poem, 4^4

Inqjuiiiy into the Rights of lire

India Company, 450

- ■ ■ " into the State after Death, 467

into the Lcgalicy of

Prcifing, 533

IffTaonuCTiON to the Theory of

the Mind, 2^-

TnvoluntahY Inconftant, 456

Jon E s*s Perfic Grammar. 36

^ , — , . coniluded, Hi

Zoohgiit Ethi^a^ 267

- Diir, t)n Life and Death,

464 ^ Poems frooi the A Cat. ^ok

— ' ^ on Skating, 541

Ju M 11/ £*— complete Edition, 25^ Poems by, 45^

t

KEnkicott, See Lf TTPa» KiMO on the Greek Church* 132 Klofstock*! MeHijh, VoL tH. tranHated, 467

Knox's Letter to Green, 266 L-

LAvfs renting to Ecclef, Sub* fcriptions, 66

LiE^sTranfl, ofTifTot on the Dif- cafes of People of Fsfhion^ 2^2 LELAKu'i £xam* of Macphtrfon* •

460

LETTEa, to LotA North, on the

Ck'rgy% Petition, 63

• from a Clergyman to the

Archb* of Cant* 66

■ from a Cfcriftian Whig to I h e H- n f Com mont , 1 6i

— - — Second from ditto 10 diito»

16a ■ toVVHitwvorth, 167

■ to Garrick, 26J — to Nowrll, 27a

*— occifiontd by a Frencb

Pamphlet againil Dr. Kennicott^

461

■----* - to Dr. lla'lSfajf, 4^5

• to \Jt^ Tucker, ^66

» to Lord North on the lf<*

dja B;U, y'^

, IiSTTBRto a Biifaop, 54^

^-r^-: — to Randolph, 547

■ ' to the Bp. of London, 009 ■^ . . to the AiTociators at the • Chapter CofFeehoufc, 622 tLsTTfiRsto Dr. Dau^fon, 67

■ to a Member ot' Parlia- *' mcnt, 159

r— " on Subfcriptions, by

; jPaulinaSy 163

,■ on ihcprercnt State of

England, 438

m.< Five, onidiportaQtSub-

jc^s, . 452

r, from the E, India Com- pany's Servants, 539 Li ND on the Bengal Fever, 6oz JLoTTHRY Djfplayed, 74 ^OVE in a Nunpery« 78 Lovers. SccDbVercy. LowTHER on th^ Dropfy, 252 LuDLAM*5 Two M^tb, Effays* 72

r-: Direflions for Hadley'a

Qyadrtint, . . 75

m' ' Supplennent to ditto, 74

Ludlow's Memoirs,. new Edition

of, 463

LvsoNsonCamphire; Sec. 216

Lyttblton's Hift, of Henry 11.

Vol. 111. 408

concluded, 517

. M.

MAcPHERsoN. See Whit- AKER. SeeLELAND. ^ee

REMARKS.

Macq^uek's Ch. Di^. 19^

Ma Dan's Comment on the 39 Ar- i ticie.s i6j

j^fARRIED Vidlim, 79

.KJarhal's Travels, ^6y

Mason^s Enp, Garden, 219

MfAsuRbs to be purfued in India,

; 4>o

«Medical Obf. and Inq. Vol. 1 V. s . concluded, 43

^Ibmoirs of Harriet Mel vin, 264 I •■ of an Hermaphrod. 26^

y-' ■ of Mils Williams, 457

<< of Francis Dillon, ib.

AliLLs'.s Eflkys, moral, ^-c. 382 TMii roN*s AnofagitUa, witli a #>'^aewfi€f. 259

K t S of

Mistakes of theHeart* SeeDt

Vergy. Monro again ft HewfoD, 251 N,

Narrative of tfie -Affair at Stock weU, 78

— — of the Ruffian Expe- dition, 138 Nature the bed Phyfician, 250 Nautical Almanac, for 1773,

Newton^s TranH, of Vitruvioi,

19J Nob L B *8 Pcrfpcdli ve, 255

O.

Observations on theOr^a and Progreis of Alphabetic

Writing, 494

Ode, on the Death of Gray, 168 Ok e l y's Edit, of the Greek Poems

bfSerranus, 544

■ Tranfl. of Meriaa on the

New Creature, ^48

Original Poems by a young.

Lady, 537

Oxonian, 78

P-

.f)ANTHEON Ruptare, 4^^

i Paradise Rcgain'd, . 615 Parry on the Geneal. of ChriH,

62 Pate r son's Travelling Di£U 461 Paulinus. SeeLfiTXERS. Payne's Trigonometry, 256

Peg G e's A fie mblage of ^ins, 619 Pennant's Tour in Scotland, 48

concluded, 142

Percjval's Med. EHays^ 2d Edit.

167 Perplexities of Riches, 79 TbTERs's Win icr Riches, 119

Philosophical Tranf. of the R,

Society, Vol. LX. 177

■■ concluded, 42 1

Plan for thcGovi of Bengal, 449 -r — for the Abnlition of blavery

in the Weft indies, 533

Political Effays on the prcfenc . State oF the Brit. Ejmpire, 57?

— Poems by Junius^ 455

■ ■-' Keiiufck^ 09 Noweii'a

Sern. 4^53

ibi E N G I, LS H B^O O K S.

^

Pott 00 the Hydrocele, -^147

PilcifiTATE Clhfice, 456

Ptf *E!«T for a Servant Miid, 463 Pt£$s, Liberty of. See Rl a sons, Puci'i Appeal to ibe Public, 40^ PtiESTLEY'iPcrfpcQive* 71

m Inllitutcs of namul

aikd repealed Rtligion, 498

Paofosal forParifh Annaiticf,6z2 P»oviiio*xj, Trsdson, 257

OUiRiff, fcJatlng to Eccltr. Sobiciiptbns^ 66

R* RANDOLPHS Charge^ 65

Real Scriptural Predefltna* tioiip 612

Rfiisoff s againft the intended Bill, ^c. 1 66

RecLAiuco Proilittite, 165

RirtLCTioffi 00 Cdibacy, Stc,

RttieiOK Difplaycd, KivARKs Oft Macpherfon, on price.

45B 609 460 53<3

Rf Yi«(»LDi*s Dticourfe to the K.

Academy, 47^

Rights of Sailors Vindicated* 461 Risa and Praflke of Jmprifon-

metii for Dcbt« $40

Rival Beautki, 625

RgoKi OD the high Price of Pio-

vifiont, 621

Roth ej*i Accouiit of the Regency

ofI>eD«iark, 542

RowLfiY on the Opthaloiia, 254 KurraiAD^i Edit* of Jicob's L^w

DifiU 457

SAtttTAS «> 0« Garrick, ^ 168 ScHiuK for the Coalition of Ptrtitf, 451

|C0T% Arithmetic, 74

Scott'j Tranil*of Job, 574

$tcoxn Check to Aotinomlaniihi^

468

Select EiCiyi from thjc Encycto*

pedie, a6i

SiKATomSy 538

Statoui Addtef$ to DiiTcnters,

^6/

Sermons

By Uiiney, ByHalHlax, By Hiogeflobt By >Dooncr, By W.*bb, By Waccldon^ By Wlute£eld. $ERM0ii9» dngle, Servbtus. SeeTAin. SEVEa*a Addrefj,

^

1^7

26a

i6§ 465

8o>27o.54a

6i,

Sii E B B E • R £'s Nar. of the Opprct

iions uf Jfrfeyt 1 12

Sketch of Materials for a Hiil. of

Chelhire« 1 oq

■ of a Plan for redaclog the

Price of Provifjons, 2^7

Smith's HilU of England, 1

Sp00 3<'ER*.Decad of Sermons, 214

Socp ^j Fs out of his Scnfcs, 62 ^ 1

SOVUTHIN'C Nciv, 166

Steknet's Remafkf on Addirg-

ton, 614

Stephen on ImpriC forDcbt>4j2^

SteveksN Songs 4^5

STOCKoALB'i'iranfl. of Bos, 465

Stockwell. Sec Naiirat«v£.

Storm, a Novel, 164

SvDNaY*A, Algernon, Works* ne^r

Edit. 455

Stm e5*5 Fire Analyfcd, 4435

Sullivan's Lecture* on the Con*

llicuuoti of England, ^84

T.

TAl BOT.Mifs, her EHays* &c,

Taldot, Mr» his Narrative cf J* Britainp 625^

Tt N Mmutes Advice to Horfe Pnr- chaftrs^ 462

T«5t of Hlial Doty, 165

Theathical Biography, 54^^ Thompson on the Negro Trade,

541 Thoughts on the PoM/er of the Crown, 4^0

Thrcnodia Auguft^i$^ 260

TissOT, Se&Lee* Tottie's Charge, 6\%

T«£M2Llim6« Sec AiLO^vuirrv*

V«i CONTENTS tfthFonEioH ARTici-if,

Ti»iAi . ^'^ H*A- of C Horton, 7^) •Titi^ writ o^ Bcutvtilcfice, 457

— <^^ s 537

1 iH K t k s A pvl. fur the Cnuich of

Eri^latid, 157

TvnAKi^y of iht MagiHraici c*f

t7^rA!»HiOK^Btf Wife, 78

Wi4t iio*» CommctiUry on the

Warm UN on Uic Gotimrl^CBii a^i

WA'.ToN'sLifcofSifT. fo0^%549

WriLAvD, Sec SoCHATtS. WtSLCY. Sec ExTflACT. Sec VlKDlCA^lOK.

W|MPEv*8 Challenge, 5Jf

■ tiiay on ihc Price of

Provifions, 6iO

W J X c ic L E M A N*s Accoiuit of Her->

colaneum, 46s

WjicnprELD'iDcf. of ilic Charity

Ci«)tirtti, ^4 J

Whci lion's Two Sermons, 465

WHiTAit£R% Hit^ of Manchcilef,

28

■ ^ condii ^cd» 104

HhK of the Buiom^ 4t&

2i8

126

(he

610

White on ihf Bile* WiHiTtfct:!;*.^ ]oiifnal of

W.iOLS L' Mother,

YV. Air's Life of Seri/etut» YoutiC

:6

GEH Brother^

tt^MERMAK on thcDyfen^ t ^ 1 — - on National i*ride,9z

I

CONTENTS of the FOREIGN ARTICLES, in the A P P E N D I X to this Volume.

La US tQ fCinzf. €94

See LjiiAiT«

Boymoi^* Htil. of tbe Houje ol, wtht Crown cf Spin* ^ ^97

Cot i f iPOKOt KCS wUh the Review fi»|

h9

P'AKiri&if, oil the Sutei farmed in Eg rope, after ihc FUl of the Ron>»n

T ' Stltinr, (t7<i

E)£ r i ^i » » N f • iiiid 4J b'^ef««Ur>8f oil ihf

IfAti^ia'*? t, Vol. n. 6^i

cavffrU »*> M^ r, » of, c^sr^vr^^ dt-

fx*iH^^ an<t ptitUfhcd by the Kinp of

HjttoiLy« PhiJofopMcii 4ii4 Politicil^

■ of iht Ro'/i! Aci'^cmv of /*•

/t.;5rfwr,&<^.at l*in/p VtU. XXXIV, 41 J XXXV, dil

p^ o' t^e Kcryal A£id<mt)r of

iJ#«»iiJ»4c* atB(rIinpV«il«XXiV. 669

HuTOUv of The Rortl Amarmir of -^— ~ of tbc fame Audtmy, for

- of BoiiThon,

L* Htture AuMchr D^Treobno, Ltit Atr for T^ "

Ma* KLAJ^O'- Mfv-'*'^ * *f- ,

657 -i to ih€

ti- .:: .n Body, <CC«

MoKti«T*i Soppkweni t» ^rt'^o, 69S

Koi.1.1, Kit P^jWidti n ot Trtijan'l Ttmrnphul Af-h Jt Rfnfvfnttim, 69^

Of* til' Happinrfs of Mankind, in the r«ver«) Pfrio<*i of Hrft.>ry» *6l

Q^vttTiOKi fur r £ncyclr>pc4Ie, Vdt, tV. ind V; 6«9

HiccoooM, MidAm, her LettCMp 697

VoLTAtfel* Seei^fStfom, ' SecAiAtMi

4 I

d

THE

T H E •

MONTHLY REVIEW,

For JAN UA R Y, 1772. • •■

AnT- 1. The Hiftorj of 'England^ from the earlWp Accounts to the Rcvo^ lutiom in i6'?<8. ^y Wiliiam Smith, M. D, 8vo. 2 Vols. 12 s. bound* Owen. 1771*

IT is pleafant to remark the acrimonious cenfure with which this hiUorian, in the introdiKftion to his work, has men- tioned thofe learned apd ingenious men, who have gone before him in delineating the hiftory of this ifland. We are curferl^ he obfervesj with a variety of hiftorical authors, who have de- fcribed, in different and contradictory colours, the mod emi- nent perfbnages, anfl who have reprefented the moft moment- ous tranfadlions, with a train of falfe and inconfiftcnt circuni- ftances. He accounts, it feems, as nothin:; the penetration of Brady, the laborious refearches of Tyrrcl, the industry and knowledge of Cart^, the eloquence, the dignity, and the pre- cifion of Hume*. He fancies, that he has gre-»tcr capacity, and has had better opportunities of information, than thcfe

• Having taken occafion to difi'cr from Dr. Robcrtfon in relation to the origin of the Scots, our Author expicflcs his opinion of that biftorian in the following modcfl and polite terms :

' Indeed, our modern ScottiQi hiliorian. Dr. Robertfon, is ho romancer; I wifh I could likewife fay no llory-tcller, for he gives himfelf no trouble about the cncicnt Scots : It did not anfwcr his porpofe CO dive into the antiquity of the ScotiiHi nation : no matter to him from whence, or at what time they came to this ifland ; iiifc readers may believe, they came from the moon in the days ot Noah for what he cares. His intention certainly was to ingratiate himfelf with the LngliHi ; and, like a mercenary writer, tn prefent the public with an account of a few modern reigns, in which he advances many well-drcfTed falfchoods. Indeed his fpurious brats are fet off with all the fupcrb trappings of elegance of (lyle and pgricy of didtion ; but thefe will not excufe him in the eyes o( Vvv% dilberning reader?, when he attempts to impofe upon their uivdet- fiaadjBgs, fAl4e, fcaaidaloas, and malicious reports.'

Vol. XLVL B ^ cdtbmeA.

t Smith'i HiJJory of En^iqnJ.

celebrated writers ; and he does ngt tjcrufflc to infinuate that his performance will corre(Sacrf»/iippJy' their defe6is and omif- fions, and explain, witlx^'ftef^kbity hitherto unknown, the nature and form of oj^^^oftitbtion, with the controverted and problematical parts Vf jouf'hiftory.

But not^vitbftanti^ng the lofty exordium with which our Auih^iiiU'i(4<t)duced his performance, we fcruple not to pro- rioiinc;^5^*t4fat it poflcfles no k'\^ of merit. Unaided by re- . /jpcCrSs'or ability, and even without the afliftance of prior com- * •; :poTitions, which he has ventured to condemn, he has haflily * thrown together a compilation of Englifh afFairs ; in which, to extreme vanity, and grofs ignorance, he has joined the moft unmanly and illiberal prejudices. As T^n advocate for the di- vine and indefeafifole right of kings, he inculcates the moil (lavifli principles* A fovereign he confiders as the vicegerent of the Deity, and he imagines, that no afls of oppreffion, 'however atrocious, can invaFidate his authority. The fubje£t muft yield to him, in every inftance, the moft fubmiffive obe- dience. In confequence of thcfe bafe and exploded maxims, he aflerts, that the liberties we enjoy were extorted from our monarchs. The ancient and inconteftable privileges of the people he rcprefents as grotindlefs and vifionary. The transfer of the crown to the duke of Normandy he treats as a conqueft. The Magr.d Charta and the Charta de Forefla were, in his opi- nion, the fruits of impiety and rebellion. The revival of the reprcfcntation of tlie Commons under Henry III. he mentions as an ufurpation. The foundation of our excellent conftitu- tion, he afcribes to conccifions exacted by force, or purchafed by fraud.

While his narrow prcpoflcflions have feduced him to run counter to the whole tenor of our hiftory, he has not been able to give any value to his wojk, by elegance of manner, or the charms of compofition. Under every -afpeft in which it can be viewed, it exhibits the moft glaring marks of incapaciry and weaknefs.

As a fpecimcn of its execution, we (hall prefent to our readers the account which it gives of the trial and death of Charles I.

* The Independents being mafters of all, a committee was appointed, 23d December, to draw up a falfe and treafonr.ble . tharge againft the king. Now the height of all iniquity and fanatical extravagance draws on. But the narration of fuch daring impiety^ fuch ftiocking barbarity, as the public trial and execution of fo pious, fo juft, fo merciful, fo brave a prince, by the hands of his own fuhjedts, is too giievous and iAfup- portable a fubjetS to dwell long upon it.^

« After

Smiths Hiflory cf ^n^lanJ* J

* After the charge, colonel Harrifon, the Ton of a butcher, a moft furious cnthufuft of the army* was feat with a ftrong guard lo condaifk ihe king to London, In the mean time an ordinance had paflcd in the Lower Houfe* for a High Court of Juftice fo called* to try the king for high treaf-*:!, thougi he himlclf was the only pcrfon againft whoji high trcafon coulJ be committed. But the Lords, then remain in;^ to fit in thfi houfCy few and weak as they were, unanimoully rejedled it.! However, the Rump of the Commons proceeded without them J and locked up their door againft them j who, by this tiine^f through their many other weak and wicked compliances, had] rendered themfclves uf^kfs, as ihcir fellow-rebels m the Lower^ Houfe vored them.

* And now, wilh unparalleled unprecedented impudence, a pacit of dcteftable mifcrcantF, with Bradfliaw their prcfident, prcfumc to fit in judgment upo:* their fovcreign, and to con- demn him to death for high ireafoa, who, by our law, caa perronally do no wrong, and is exempt from any earthly puntfiimenr.

♦ The king's behaviour, during the laft period of his life^ does great honour to his memory. In ail his appearances before rhofc infimous villains, and moft execrable of all created be- ings, who called themfclves his judges, (for three time^ was h^ produced before them, and a^ often he declined their jurtfJic* rion, and pleaded his own caufc,) he never forgot his part, either as a prince or as a man. Firm and intrepid, he main* taincd, in each reply, the utmo{^ perfpicuity and ju({ncfs, both of thought and exprcfnon* Alild and t-quitable he rofe into no paffion at that unufual .luthority, which was aflumcd over him. His foul, withour effort or aftcclition, fecmed only ia remain in a fituation familiar to it, and to look down with con* tempt on all the efforts of humm nulscc and iniquity. The rooll fhocking inftances of rudcnefs and famslursty he bore with meckneis and fcrcnity. The foldicrs, inttigatcd by iheir ftipej-iors, and being inciiflantly plied with prayers, fcrmons^ and exhortations, were brought, thou-h with dilUculcVj to cry out for juftice. Poor ff>uls ! iiH the king tu one of his astendant-, for a Jiitlc money they would do as much againit their commanders. Some of ihcm were permitted to go lo the iitmoil length of brutal infolencc, and to fpit in his face as he W^ conveyed along the paflage to the court.

• To the indelible fc.ind4l of this nation, and amazement of all the world, that fo much virtue, in a civilized Country, could ever meet with fo fatal a cataftrophe, the royal martyr, of whom the world wa*^ not worthy, was condemned lo fa?f« dc-ith. ^jjJ the unjrarslkxd murder and parricide WAi cumm'vi-

4 Smlth'x Hijlory of Etjglana.

ted, 30th January, 1649, O. S, Wonder, O heavens! and be aftunifheJ, O earth !

* Yet itmiift be remembered, that fome of the mod eminent of the nobility, namely the Earl of Southampton, the Duke of Richmoiid, the Marquis of Hertford, and the Earl of Lindfay, to their immortal honour, did not only offer themfelves as hof- tages, but even to fuffcr in his ftead. —

* Amidft all the convulfionsof this kingdom, we find nothing to be equalled, to be mentioned with the trouble, rebuke and blafphcmy of this day. There has been a wcaknefs and a ty- ranny of princes ; there have been murmurs and a madnefs of the people. Tumultuous times, infurrciSiions, civil wars, and dreadful battles ; plots, aflaflinations, poifons, and the graves of princes made in prifons ; but no court of law, no palace- gate, no fcafFold, axe, and nc/Dn-day fun : thcfc were the accom- plifliments of wickednefs, that were rcfcrvcd to blacken this epoch. The crime of this day was beyond all example of an- cient or modern times, and was, as the voice of the nation in parliament declared it, a mod impious and execrable murder* We do renounce, abominate, and proteft againft that imoious faS, the execrable murder, and moft unparalleled treafon, committed againft the facred perfon and life of our fovereign ; and as :i lafting monument of our inexprcflible detcftation and abhorrence of this villainous and abominable fadV, we meet on this anniverfary day of fading and humiliation, to implore the mercy of God, that neither the guilt of that facred and inno- cent blood, nor thofe other fins by which God was provoked to deliver up both us and our king into the hands of cruel and unrcaibnable men, may at any time hereafter be vifited upon us or our poflerity,

* Murder, where it is fimple, and of the meaneft of our fellow- creatures, is the moft unnatural and moft inhum^an offence. To fticd innocent blood, was what the law of Nature and reafon of mankind did ever abominate and reftrain : no na- tion, ever fo barbarous, looked upon murder with indifference. Among our Saxon anceftors, there were, indeed, pecuniary compofitions for fhcdding oi blood, a cuftomary fVcregild or Blodewite, a muKt and forfeiture of goods or money, in pro- portion to the quality or value of the dead perfcn, Luitur itiam homicidium cej to armentorum aui pecorum numero \ recipitque fatUfaSitonem tottts * domus. Tacitus de Mor. German. But the true caufe of accepting /gch a flight compenfation for life, was grounded on the mean ftate. of villains and bondmen, whofe blood was not thought to deferve the blodd of the lord or the

* Tacitus fays unimtrfa domus.

free

SmlthV Hijhry &/ England. $

ixtt tenant. And when the blodewlte did afterwards extend to making fine for ihc death of freemen, and even of ihancs or nobles, yet then it was for the cafual misfortune, and the min- ibiughter, not the deliberate malice of plotting to take away a life, ^ui vcUrjs hmintm Hcuii^lt mortt multatur Leg. Ahurtdi figlu C(tdii manifejla Junt jure humans imxpiabtUa^ Canuti

* By our prcfcDt conftitution, the life of every fubjetS is a pubhc truft, and ibc party himfcif cannot difpofe of it. So lender arc our hiws in cafes of bluod, that for a private perfon of the greateft dignity to kill, except in fclf-defcnce^ the vileft beggar, the moft notorious malcfador, the very condemned crimtnal, h murder in the eye of the law* In cafes of murder, there is no mitigation in being only acceflary* ihcy all become prinLip!c$ in it ; and lift there Ihould be any connivance by the , relatix^ns of the murdered perfon with the murderers, the pro- , fectition lies in the name of the common parent* And lell by Ibaie default in the fitil procefs, the guilty (hould hi^ppcn to be acquitted, there lies a remedy of appeal, by the wife or heir- tnale^ to fecure the execution of juftice on the notorious offender, not to be obftruflcd by a pardon, pending the ,ippeaL Such a fafeguard to the lives of m^n^ are the laws of England, above any other cooftitution in the world. And when the Bucaiieft fubjc£l is fo defended and pfcferved, what grearer re- gaid muft needs be had to the life of the fupremc magiflrate? The firft adl upon our rolls, declarative of trcafonable uffcncesj makes it undoubted treafon to compafs or imagine the death of our Lord the king. So nicely tender are our laws of the fovc- rcign prince's life, above all other confidcraiions in the world, that the very thought or imagination of fo doing would be IvMc to all the penalties of trealon. But thofe horrid mifcrc- ants, in ridicule of our laws, pretended to try and condemn their noyal mafler, by forms of Idw, and executed their fen- tence in the face of ihe fun, as a fpcdacle to the whole world, and in defiance of Heaven,

• ffo prince's charadcr is more varioufly defcribcd, accord- ing to the diflcrcnt princfplcs on the one fide, and prejudices oa the other. But it is no wonder that thofe, who brandiil^ed rebellious arms in the field, and aftL-rwards dipped their hands in the blood of the Lord's anointed, did endeavour to blacken /oj reputation. In excufe of their own actions agarnfl him. Nor U it ftrange, if mrn of the fame diabolical fpirit do ftill load bia memory with the moft odious calumnies of popery and arbitrary power ; and impudently ridicule his fufferings^ bc- canfe he l»ved the ornament, and died the martyr of the I'nglifti d^iireb and monarchy. ^

B 3 * Ga^

6 Sniith*i Htjlcry zf Englandm

« GcJ alone is an infallible judge and difccrncr of die heart : h^ vTil/ beholds, with an unerring eye, the uprightiKfs or ob- 11: J. V cf hunian thoughts and intentions; therefore none but he c^n 2*:^l'v!utc^j and decifively pronounce of any perfon, that he ir e :"cr holy or fincerc, or wicked or profane. But we muft forir: our ji.Jgaient from the outward aclions ; and wherefoever we f.:'.d a regular conduit, where all the duties to God and man» G.? :~ir as we can obferve, are rxa<Bly and pun^ually difcharged ; \» here there are no vifible infra£lioRS of divine or human laws> V. e are to look upon the perfcn fo qualif-cd as a great, good^ and virtuous man. Whoever irapartialiy con(iders the royal rrirtyr*s condu^ from hii afcending the throne to his martyr- ed r.^, muft be forced to give him the charaScr of great, good, and glorious. His devotion to God was regular, and conilant both in public and private, and that not cold and formal, but with an inflame J zeal and afieclion. The fplendor cf an earthly croxa di3 not make him negiecl preparing fcr a heaven'y one. In the miuii of the hlghcft plenty, ar«*i ^'I the means of grati- fying a ftnfual a; petite, he was remarkably temperate, chafte and lobcr. His conjugal afiVilion has been even imputed as a crime; fr he was an in\iolable obicrvcr of the matrimonial- v^w. AnJ if wc confidcr him in the la^l fcene of his life, in his behaviour both before and z\ the fcaffold, wc may obferve an admirable compolition of Chrillian meeknefs and royal gr::ndeiir ; hv-^w, unJcr the rxtrrmc}t prcirures, he ne\'er could be prevailed wi;h to do any thm^ ur.l'^ccoming either the Chrif- tian cr the King. Thi r,:nli if r\i pnKci, bztb in public and pr:i\:u .Vj'/', r:.:v xtit!? tf^'c\;\f»rr,- hf /«/ ;« cppcfyizn ts any msnarch $f ::t:^^::^ u''\h tlv <:»;?!<♦. 'j rf .7'v agt sr natter cr.n prefent t§ us. IJf M..v:-\ /.v,;Va/, i- h tW iV;.^\'..v n:.itl cf tLit perftQ cbara^tr^ xihl.h^ kTti'r itf «/.r.-'r I /;,;//.:; ••/* j fj^f c?:J iv'/f mcn^ pbihfofbns f.Hv k\'7i fc'iJ :/*it i^f.JiKy^ f\:ri\»- ..\c a f"»sn cftbeir imagmaUon^ ti^i"^ i^s f:ftS cf r;vr //\/';c '' r-:iv.J U /r<;<7itY ; fo bsppily weri cli '.is virtues t.'np^rfj U\i^fih.f\ h ui>\ly %i£re they bUnaiJy andfi ftv.vr**' J:i dwb pn^wt t-^ c:\'r fr:m txcee^i-ng its proper i. .:. / . lie hmv t:tv t^ c:r:Jtii7te the rr: ? e^te'pri2Jf:g fpint with the *i u,^ m:.Uf\uUu^. His ch.radcr, both in public and pri- vate litc\ is iilmoll without bciiiih. He feem:» to have pof- fviltvi cvciy ;»ccon\pliihir,cr.t boih of hvdy and mind, which m. kc5 a nun ciihcr ciUaul Ic or an iabK. His elocution was eaf), peiluaiivc, ai\J «t command. He was a finccre friend, an cafy^ pv^lite^ and atrablc cv^mpanion ; carried a princely

• TIk* J^ufVa^ in lulicj is copied fnMn Hame, and forms a part of iho vluKixicror Aln^^. Our .\u:hor, though a copious tran- Riibcr, make* uo AckuowIe^l^r.;eiu of cbiigaiions of this kind.

S dignity.

Smith'i Ilijhry cf EngUnd. f

dtgmty, without pndc and hatij^htinefs ; was learncJ without 1 pedantry ; was ortHodox without fupetfliiior} ; was brave in the field, and wife in council j compofcd in the moft perplexed ■ CDtfcs; tnodef! in profperity, and grcut in advcrfity* But (hotild I I attempt to enumciate his virtues, they would fill up mnny pages ; therefore, without entering farfhcr into the particubrs of fo exemplary a chara£ier, v/hich cannot he comprehended in J a few words, wc may venture to fay with Clarendon, That he I WIS ihe worthieft gentleman, the beft mafter, th- beft friend* I tlic beft hufband^ the hzR father, the beft chrirtian, that the I age, in which he lived, produced. VVc have the warrant of I authority, both in church and Oate, to pronounce him inno^ ■ cent, and a glorious martyr; while his enfmrcs are declared a I pack of mifcreants, as far from being true proteftants, as they ■ were from being good fubjedts. And this may fcrvc for a ccr- I tain left of the true friends and enemies of the church of Eng- I land, that he cannoi be a friend to our chuich or flate, who is I an enemy to the royal martyr Charles I* ^

* I have told you, in a few words, what Charles I. was : now I tell you, in as few, what he was not. He was no wax or ftraw king : he was not a prince that is the dupe of his fer- vancf, and undcrftands neither bis own wcakntfu norftrcngth! a prince incapable of making himfclt cither feared or btlovcd* He was cafy and gentle ; but was nor led by his minifters as a flock of fliccp by their flicphcrd. He was not a child in coun- cil } a ftran^er to the army. In fine, he was not a prince. With few vices in his heart, or raiher in his confticution, but withal! manner of defeats in his underhand. ng.

* The king's ftatue, in the Exc h.mse, was thrown down, and on the pedeftal thefc words were infcribcd : Exit Tyrmtnut, ft^um tdnm*tt\ The tyrant is goncy the lafl of ihe kings, J

* To run over all the mifcries, all the fcencs of diftra<5lton I and confufion that followed this abomination of wickcdncfs, I would be a new fufFcring, unlcfs it were to admire and adore ■ the goodnefs of God in our deliveran^^ei that our legal mo- fiirchy, deftroycd ar.d drowned U\ blood, ftiould rife up in peace, and long continue to flourifli ; that our p;:rliaaientary confti- fution, broken in pieces, and patched up into feveral deformed J flupes, (hould realTumc ifs ancient gh^ry ; that our national I chttrch, pcrfccuted, rorfakcn, and extindt to all appearance, I (houtd recover its ori;:inal beauty of h^ltnct's 5 that the laws of ■ Hti^Udd be brought back from the point of the fword to the council of juftice, and flow in their wonted bnunds and chan- lick ; that our nobility and gentry, infultcd by the rubble, and cnflaved by armed men, fhould be reinflated in hereditary weitth and honour -, that alt tne pci-^ple, opprclT^d and vexed Witb fc^ucftration^ piunder, free quarter, couulbuuoft, \oan^

B 4 ^u^

9 SmithV Hijiory of England.

and all manner of arbitrary demands and impofitions, (houldl once more be frep men, and enjoy their own with comfort and fecurity ! I fay, that the iniquity of thofe times ihould diflblve the whole fabric of our church and ftate, and put the founda- |;ions out of courfe, and tarn our world upfide down > and yet that God fhould, as it were, create us a new heaven and a new farth, a reftoration of peace and truth, and all that is dear to us. i nat was a furprifmg light that arofe out of darknefs ; but long was ihe darknefs, and terrible were the miferies which this nation fufFcred, as we (hall fee in the next chapter, before the reftoration put an end to all our mifery. The murder of the royal martyr was a reproach to the nation, as it was com- initted in the name of the people of it, when in h&. it was jdone by a few defperate villains ; the two houfes of parliament fay, *^ By this horrid adion> the people of England have re- ceived the moft infupportable fliame and infamy, whilft the fanatic rage of a few mifcreants, ftands imputed by our adver- faries to the whole nation, l^y this horrid action, the proteft- ant rcli«iion has received the greateft wound and repjx)ach that was p(flible for the enemies of God and the king to put upon it. Chfillianity itfclf has fufFered under the load of the guilt and fcandal of this nefarious aftion. For the troubles, tu- mults, and diftradlions of that time, changed the face of reli- gion, and filled the heads of men with political notions, anJ the noife of them ; and as this abominable adion was the refult of fading, and as an anfwer to the feeking of God in prayer, this naturally put religion out of countenance, and tempted men to be profane, for fear of being hypocrites. And the prin- ciples of government and obedience fuffered extremely in the fatal causes and confequences of this impiety. Before the con- vulfions of thofe times, the authority of princes, and the fub- je£lion of people, ftood upon their right bottom ; the power of governing, and the duty of obeying and fubmitting, was the will of God, and the ordinance of man. It was the breaking down this fence, that laid open the fcenq of rebellion ' and anarchy.'

In the appendix, which our Author has annexed to his perr formance, he endeavours to explain the nature and fpirit of the iPrefbyferian church-government. But his zeal for Epifcopacy has not allowed hirn to inquire difpaiTionately into this fubje^t. When men renounce moderation and decency, and are carried away by the violence of prejudice, they only flxciie pity or pontenipc.

1*^^ For an account of Dr. Smith's treatifc on the Nature an{f fnfiifution of Government y f^ec oi<r laft month's I^eyicv^,

C 9 ]

I

A^T. n* Di/ccur/is en I hi Farahlit of cur Ihjftd ZaitUur^ and the Mi^ rmlei tf bis holy Ge/peL With ucafianal lUuJlrathm, In feur Fo* km4s. By Charles Bulklcy. Vol, XL 8vo, 5 s. fewed. Horf- fieJd, he, 177 1-

N our Review for June, 17711 we gave fome account of Mr* Bulkley*s firft volume. The Iccond has fince ap- peared, and confifts of thirteen difcourfcs j the fubjefls are^ The two Debtors, the good Samaritan, the rich Man, the barren Fig-tree, the Builder, the Joil Sheep, the Prodigal Son, the unjuft Steward, Dives ariJ Lazarus, the unprofitable ^cnranr, the importunate Widow, the Pharifcc and the Publican.

The Author continues to write upon thcfe parables in a ienfible, agreeable, and pradical manner, though fome of hb rxplkatjons and remarks are very different, jiot only from commonly received opinion^ but alfo from what fome men of learning, ability and candour, will allow to be cntiiely con- formable to the fpirit and n> caning of the parable, conlidered in conjunction with what appears to them the general tenor and fenfe ot fcnpture.

It is not an cafy matter to do jufticc to topli s of this fort ; at Icafl there is danger, that while the preacher is explaining ihcm, or enlarging upon fome particular points at which they Uxm to aim, he ftiould lofe that power and energy with which parables are intended to operate, and with wh^ch thofe of the baly fcripture are evidently calculated to convey fome moral and pious admonition to the heart. The main bufnieis in this Itind of enquiry feems to be, firft to attend to the occafion on which ihe parable was delivered, and illyflrate thofe circum- fiances which refer to ancient ufagcs, without fome knowledge of which the propriety and ftrength of the allegory may, ia a great mcafure, be overlooked ; after this, it is farther re- quifttc to inculcate and enforce that truth which may, by thii means, be imprcfl'cd on the hearer. Our ingenious Au- thor keeps this point carefully in view: pofHbly he may give too great a fcopc to fpcculation and refinement on fome fub- jeds« though he argues in a nervous and fpiriied manner. But it does not appear that the introduction of fpcculation and phi- lofophy, at lead co the degree in which they have been often employed of hte, hath greatly advanced the real bilercils of piety and virtue : may it not rather be queftioned, from ob- fcnation upon fa6l, whether this, among other caufes, has not contributed to weaken, if not fomctimes to deftroy, the im- prcifions of religion, and by this means alfo to loofen the prin- ciples and foundation of Ch rift ran moral ity.

In the fermon on the piirable of the prodigal^ which rs indeed ^ luifmatcd difcourfe, Mr. B, endeavours to ei\2kbU{h lYvcfe

JO BulklcyV DifcQurfes on the Parables, Vol. II.

two points, — on the one hand, the grand efficacy of repentance, as the certain infallible method for (ecuring to us an interefl in the compaffions, and in thefavourof the Almighty ; and en the other, the placability of the divine nature, Ajid here he (rather covertly indeed) attacks fome high Calviniftical no- tions upon iheie heads ; and he alfo feems to oppofe the opi- nions of many others, who are far from running into thofe extremes. Juftice and candor may here require us to obferve, that there are numbers of Chriflians who are equally ready^ with this rcfpedlable Author, to admit and infift upon, the clivine placability and the neceffity of repentance ; but are at the fame time perfuaded, that revelation gives us fome farther ▼icws upon thcfc fubje6)s, and points out to us a particular me- thod which fupreme wifdom and goodnefs has appointed for conveying and fecuring forgivenefs to the penitent, in a way the moft honourable to the almighty Governor, and mofl com- fortable to mankind.

In reading the difcourfe, entitled, The importunate TfldoWj wc were led naturally to refled how much wife and worthy men may differ in their opinion, or rather in the reprefentation of their opinion, upon the fame fubjed. One author*, of whofe fcrmons we gave a brief account in a former Review, is foli- citous to eftablifh the perfuafion, that prayer may have fome influence with the Supreme Being 5 and apprehends, that the fuppofition of its being only ufeful, as it may excite fome good difpofitions.in our own minds, is likely to enervate greatly, if it does not entirely remove the motive to its praflicc. Mr, Bulkley, on the other hand, rejects, with a kind of abhor- rence, any imagination that the humble entreaties of his crea- tures can have any prevalence with the divine Majefty, and fup- pofes, rhat the good fruit of prayer is the beneficial eftc6t it may have upon our own minds ; at the fame time, he fcems iq allow, that fome particular advantages may be imparted to thofe who by fuch exercifes arc brought into a proper fVate to. receive and improve them. From hence wo may infer, not merely that men of ability and piety may differ la their views of the fame fuhjed^, but, more than this, that, could they pro- perly and fully explain their meaning to each o^her, they would be found to intend much the fame thing. We are alfo led to this farther conclufion, that where the obligation to any parti- cular duty is clear and certain, as in this inftance of prayeir, it is the bufinefs of mankind to apply themfelvcs to its praftice, without regarding thofe reafonings and objc6tions, which men of fpcculation and leifure may fometimes advance. Chiiftianity is no fc.h^m^ of philofophy or difpute^ it is defigned for prae-

• Dr. Ogden : fee Review, vol. xlii. p. 214. -

ticc ;

BullOey'i Dlfcourfes on thi ParabUs. VoL II, \i

lice • and alJ its peculiar truths, fo far as they concern us^ have a praQical tendency ; whereas, it is too apparent, that ^ great deal of fpeculation and refinement do fometimcs ratheiT pave the way to fcepticifm, infidelity and even to atheifm, thaa produce any folid efie<9:s for the fervice of our fellow-creaturcSt Thcfe refteiBion?, with others, naturally arofe in our minds while perufing this volume : — but we fhall now cJofe the ar- lirlc by pfcfenting to our readers feme extra<5tt> from thefe dif- courfcs, which we are perfuadcd writ be recivc J with pleafure* In ihe conclufion of the fermon on the parable of the Rich Mas, arc the following reflections :

" Eat God fays onto him. Thou fool» this night thy fi>ul ftiill be required of thee ; then whofe Hiall ihofe things be, whiciv thou ba^ provided r'* not thiue osvn moft cerLiinly ; and yet, having made eo oiher provifion for thyfeif than thofe earthly goods, which ?Tc thU very night to be retlgncd forever, what muilBeccfidrily be thy portion^ but difappoiotntcnti rcmorfe, ihame, vexation and tni-r {^':r » •* In the place where ihe tree fallctli, there it fhall lie.'* j^ Solomon, which, if it be applied at all to the future Hate? nd, mull neceffarily carr/> in it this important meaning; to ihe prevailing tallc and rclifh, with which a man leaves ^ nt, and enters upon an invillbleilate of being, muft be hij }<tApplncf» or his mifcf/V there* If it be a temper, a taSle, a rclilh, fcfed to the enjoyments and pJcafures of that other Hate, then will happincfi undoubtedly be his lot. If it be a talk, a difpofition of ftjlnd, accommodated only to the prefcnc w^rU, how is it poflible liiat he fhonld b- happ/V, when the pre Tent world is with rcipeL^ to 1 ,^, ^ -. ^.Qj(. ? Or how can lie be otherwife than miflrable, in con- of the reflexions, which be will then be forced to make ^i^T .!♦ iTi> own egregious fo!l/V in faffl'ring himrelf to enter upon an- other ftntc without having once con fide red, wherein his happincfs ht (uch a date, could only, i^nd muJt nced^ coniilli Were any of us to think <^ly of removing in a litilc time into fome other part of ' ' " ' 'f:tble globe, where the feafons of the year arc extremely dif- m v^hat they are in thefe BritiEh iJks; the heat, or th^ Jy more inienfc; fiiould vve not be vc^y folicitons to make :rr*tionf accordingly ? And Ihould we not nnd our ncgl<;d :r^/ lu, |'» 'igtQuily inconvenient when we arrived there ? TJiis ! ' I Ml ; : i'^ faint illuilration of the nccc^Tit/^ of n man's bt^ing > and virtuous temper at the time of his quitting r CO his participating in tliehappincfs of the ne.^t, 14 tiUt we could in this world be equally happi*: j what- : o«r internal or moral chnradcr ; yet ilill bow evident, uncn u'c take into confijcration another liatc, in which neither thtf love of plctfure, nor the bvc of wealth, can have any other influ- mce, but to heighten our mifcr/V and dijlrefs and into which wc ar^ t%cu4 moment liable to be fummoned, that virtue mu'l be our only nife Atid confident choice, the grand and u hi mate objed. if w^ m M ronfult aright our own truefl felicit/> and good, of aU our . all our wiflies j and that this n a purfuic to be inUantly en- ^-^ '-.' VLQi already entered upon, and with jnabaiing diligence

12 BulklcyV Difcour/es on the Parables. Vol. II.

and perfevering aIacrit/> to be profecated and carried on ? May it never be the lot of any one here prefent, when this awful fummons fliall be given, to fay to himfelf, " thoa fool, whofe fhall thofc things be, which thou haft" fo anxioufly ** provided!*'

On the parable of the builder we find the following juft and animated obfervations :

— * If ferious reflexion and mature deliberation be indeed of fuch vaft importance, in order to our engaging with confiftenc/^ and pro- prietiV in the profelfion of religion, and in the purfuit of virtue, then certainly and upon the fame general foundation fuch reflexion and deliberation muft be highly neceflar/> before we rejed religion and difcard the obligations of moralit/V. Whether religion be true or not, it is at leaft infinitely dcfireable, that it fliould be fo. Who, that makes any prerenfions to being a reafonable creature, can pof« fibly quellioTi or difpute the wide and boundlefs difference between the government of a wife and eternal deit/>, prefiding over all the affairs of the world, fuftaining its order, direding its events, able to uphold our fouls in exlRcnce throughput the endlefs ages of im- mortalit/V, and difpofed by the free and inexhauftible benevolence of his natare to make us everIa(lingl/> happ/>; and the blind dominion of univerfal chance ? Confcious as we muft be of our abfolute inabi- lit/> to fupport our own exiftence for a fingle moment, what inex- preflible horror muft there be in the imagination, that there is no other being in nature, upon whom we can depend for the prcferva- tion of it ? Is it poiTible then, that any one fhould give a more fla- grant proof either of his ftupidit/> or of his madnefs, than muft ap- pear in his entertaining fuch an imagination, without paving made the fubjed of a deit/> and of a providence, the matter of his moft diligent and thoughtful enquiriV ? But is there fo much as any ap- pearance of this in numbers, who fpeak and feem to think upon this fabje£t, as if they believed in neither ? The implicit fubmiifion of the undcrftanding to the diretlion of others, fo much exclaimed againft, as fuppofed to be the method in ufe among the believers in religion, and with which indeed many fuch are but too juftly chargeable, is however far from being peculiar to them. An impli- cit intidel, whether with refpe£l to Chriftiaoit/V in particular, or re- ligion in genera], is now no uncommon charader. Numbers there are, who by no means think it neceflfar/V to enquire into this matter, but take it for granted upon the folemn word of their guides and leaders, that Chriftianit/V is a fable and religion a jeft. But furely fuch perfons as thefe, if they will acknowledge no other obligation, muft be bound at leaft for their own fakes, unlefs they have given op, along with other principles, even that of felf-love and a con- cern for their own happinefs, not to trifle in a matter of this infinite moment, nor to think of difcarding religion by a few witty fayings founded upon principles, which they ihemfelves have never made the fubjed of one ferious or deliberate thought. If poflibly I ftiould now be addrefling myfelf to any fuch', I moft folemnly admonifh you, that, if you muft be unbelievers, you be fo upon principle. And for your own fakes let the fault lie wholly in the error of your un- dcrftanding, and not in the corruption, pride, vanit/V and prefump- uon of your hcarirs. •• Count" well " the coft/' ere you pretend

* ' • ■ 19

Bulklcy*/ Difcour/es on th Paraileu Vol IL i j

b'j.nd your hopes, or rather your rcjei^ion of all hope, upon the

cicaufc.

bul of ftlig^Jon. As a profelfed and public ad 1 ara &ot afraid to call you co ihc ftceil cxaminatic i^drrdy all that f fear ii, that you will not be free i thatfonie ab

ocatc u nauon of its priuciph

moU as in

fucb

th

a C2lc as this, wc mu

ft call

ity impious.

aJFec*

Son of iingtitirit//, ihould biafs yonr inquiries, or the prevailing Uk0acnc^ of lomc fcnfual and inordinate ai^dion (hould incline you to •• (ky in your he^ts,** even before you can hav c had time to (ay it in the real convidlon of your undcrftanding, " that there is no God.** And having mentioned this, let me conclude my ihort but finccre addrefs to yon, with obfervlng, that how great focvcr miy have been your former iins, or Is the prefent depravitiV of your temper*, this is fo far from being a reafon for your renouncing a dei:/r, that on the contrary, you may think with infinite pleafure of rrfering yourfelves to his forgivin^^ mercy. For, if there be in- deed i God, he is a God merciful and forgiving. You cannot avert kismath by preftimptuoafly denying his cxiftcnce. But you may doit o rnce, and the denial of your own irregular andviti-

O'Jf It].

in ihc uUwurfe on the parable of Dives and Lazarua, among other

tikingt, it is obfcrved, that one particular which it plainly points

Oct to our obfervation is, * the rmmtdiati traniitioa of the foul at our

departure out of this world, into a ftate either of happinefs or mi^

fefi^;— * I know, indeed, (the Author fiys) that the argument

fin.vn from this parable, in favour of the feparaie confciaufoefs oi

ce of the foul in a future (late, has been conlidercd by fomo

ng no way conclufive, on account of its being deJuced froia

a pinbolical reprefentation. But it is to be remembered, that ther«

ire in icripture two kinds of parables. Of the one kind are thofe^

Khich are formed by way of allufton or fimiiitudc to the commoa

ofcfjcdi or common occurrences of life ; fuch as that of the niarriagc-»

feail, the talents, the vine-yard, and the like. Others of them

ire formed a tcr the narrative manner, and confjil of fome fi^itioui

fior/jfor relation, fuch as that of the man wbofe goods were increa/ed,

— ind this of Dives and Lazaruv. In the foimcr there are reveral

circam&inccs introduced, that are purely ornamentaJ ; — in the

OLhcr, there is no nece0it/>of introducing thefe merely ornamental

Of purely conneiling circ jrallances : they therefore feem to require a

ftrianefs in the explication of them : though it is not to b©

cd, that even in thefe, cver/> minute circumJlancc of the Ho-

intended to convey fome diftinil or fcparate truth* It i)

r to be obfcrved, that in parables of cvenV kind there arc al-

AJpal and leading ci/cumilanccs, which are pointed

1- formation and ftrudlure of the parable itfelf, and

r.tl maxims of religion and fentiments of Chrif-

M they arc all ui common founded. Now, as ro

ji, it iiiiiit furely be evident to ever/V one, that a maia

J point intended to be rcprefcnted by it, is that wide*

e, which 15 to take place in a future ftate between

cenliouf* or avaricious rich, and the fobcr, honeft,

r. In defcribin^ thh differencCt our Saviout ^\vc^

■imstion of 2x1 y dillzni period, at which il Cuoo\4

CQ^itcvetice,

14 Bulkley'i Difcourfes on the ParqlUs. . Vol. It.

commence, nor hints at any circnmftance or event, which can at all contribute towards direding our thoughts to any fuch period. But thus he exprefTes himfelf : *' The beggar died, and was carried by the angels into Abraham's bofom. The rich man alfo died, and wat baried ; and in hell, he lifted up his eyes, being in torments," Can any thing more naturally or'flrongly than this impl/V the fuppofidon of a continued confcioufnefs, no:with(landing the diflblution of the body by death, as of a well-known, univerfally received, and on* doubted truth ?'

On the concluding words of this parable, •* If they believe not Mofes and the prophets, neither will they be perfuaded though one Tofe from the dead," we find fome very ftriking and pertinent re- flections, of which our limits will allow us to give our readers only a brief fpecimen. ' The words (fays our Author) convey to us this important fentiment ; that whatever difHcuIties there may be attend- ing this or that particular and extraordinanV inflitution of religion, whatever may be our own doubts concerning it, there are ftill cer- tain plain, common and univcrfal principles and obligations of a religious nature, which are abundantly fuiiicient for the moral regu- lation of our condudl, and for being a juft at;d equitable ground of our condemnation, if we negledi to govern it accordingly. From hence the corrupt and profligate part of mankind, who may be dif- pofed to licentious principles for the fake of giving the better coun- tenance to their licentious praflices, may very ufefully learn, that they will by no means be able to furnifh themfelves with any fofficient excufe or palliation for their wickednefs, merely by throw- ing away their bibles. Can they obliterate the perftftions of the eternal Deit/>? Can they deflroy that relation which they (land ia to him as his creatures, and as the fubjedls of his moral govern- ment f Can they throw a veil over the face of nature, fo as to fcreen from their own eyes the evidence, which it affords us of the divine exiftence, perfeAions and providence ? Can they deflroy their own rational and moral conilitution, and make themfelves anew? Can they give the mighty dream of happinefs a dilFerent courfe from that in which God himfelf has ordained it to How ? or alter his eternal law, that virtue/ virtue only fhall be our fovereign good f Are they able to prove, that Deit/> neither will nor can continue the exiflence of mankind beyond the grave ? let them .do this, and let them enjoy the honour of being confiilent proiligatcf;. But let them not imagine that they can vacate the obligations of religion, or the importance of its principles, by furnifhing themfelves with a few trite and infignificant objections againll the ChriiUan inflitution of it.'

It is farther added in connexion with the above mentioned text:— ^ Though the gofpcl of Chrifl did not firft conflitute religion, yet is it the highefl, the nobled, the befl adapted means we can pofFibly conceive of inculcating its principles, of enforcing its obligations, and of imprefling them with their proper influence and all their vital energ/V upon the mind ; fo as to enlighten, to purif/>, to exalt it ; to raife it above mean, worldly and fordid pafiionsft to infpire it with an heavenly tafle and relifb» and to promote onr perpetually ^vuaciag mccinck for the realms of heavenXy aud ev tiV^ti^Vi'^ ••

Zimmcrman'i Trtatift m the Dyfniery,

is

•^^ Smoe this anlclc was drawn op, Mr. B. has ptihlifttcl th volumes i but we have not j^et had an oppor- ^ lufmg them*

AtT. IVU A TffAtife Mr the Dyftntery : ivrtk <v Dcjcr^pfum pf tJk E^idfmi< DififtUry that kttpptnfd m S*wiiiurland /v thV^ar 1 71*5, Tfioflaft " " ;' original German of John George Zi mine r-

cian, Vk t^n in Ordinary 10 bis B-iunnk ^:!aicfty at

Hnaovcrt b| U, K, Hopron, M. D. fevo. 4 s, bound* Riviag^

"IP ROM thifitrcatirc it appears* that a putrid fever had ragci JP fur i ccMifidcrablc time in fcvefiil parts of Switzerland^ and pan«cti1ir}y in the canton of Hern : that the dyfentery fu;cecded this fever, and was likewife accompanied with the fever : that thi*rc w«s an evident analogy between the dyfen- (tfj* and the preceding putrid fever : that ihc caufe of both was a putrefaction of trie juices ; and that, in the dyfentery, a corrupt^ putrid, and bilious matter was lodged in the ilomach aod imcftints*

The following b Dr. Zimmerman's hiftory of the epidemic dyfcivterjr :

Mt mide its lirft appearance in the month of Jane ; In Aiiguft aoi September rofc to its higheft pitch ; in the beginning of O-flober Mgroirnd in all paru ; and in the middle of this monih, generally fff^Li its exit. Though llill, in the middi.* oF Xovenibcr,

Umt h. ifc were fctzed with this diforder ; and even daring

Ae£ev in December, and January J76>, I ftw people who

•ere . y a gentle dyfentcry : in like manner, about this

t r the fame conllitutioa of the air, the ptit rid fever, as it

\ n^ us, and particulirly the puirid pleurily, beg aq their

illy in L:iafiinne» and extended them wide around ^ ,^ ^- .^, vinttiii, and the neighboufinjj provinces of Uppcr- AaJbia and S^vaUia.

* Many were ;*U*n with this malady, without the lertll preceding f^mptoin, and that chicHy in drfptrate cafes ; in othersi it gave tokcsi ot iU approach before-hand, and c:«:nc on by degrees.

• AU thcrfc who ^CTC violently ditbrdcred, were feized at firft with ■D nnivcfial chiil, which had ditfjfcnt degrees of duration ; fomc- tJem it wa* lopg and very violent, many had only a fmall paroxv fm, w% many it returned in the coorfc of the f<:vcr, and went off in a hof €f. ASl of them fell like wife an extreme lalfitude over the

', *ii the fird coming on of the dlfordcr, and that gcnc- back and hnns. The cholic came on immediately at I v/ith j;Teat violence; but the evacuation* with iamc

I '. folbw fo quick ; many were at firft even boun !g

I- Lit tormina, and were in a much worfe conditiont

t were obliged dircdiy to hurry to t!ooU

ly one, on their ^t}\ being fci jtcJ, cnmplamti oT m f '-^ jm^oth, and a contiuQAl inclinaucu to vomxt*

Uiiif bii^^^i itp, JtjJ ofler the coJJ £t, a bilious tn alter ; t.mi«

l6 Zimmerman 'i Tnctlfe ch the Dyfentery^

vomited very violeutly the firfl day, and were relieved by it % mny had this propeniity to vomit, even in the progrefs of the difeafe, and continued to call up with great benefit till the fourth day. Slick as from the firfl had fought for refuge in wine, and other hot things, brought up every thing they took into their flomachs, almod every day, complained of the heartburn, and were in the greateft danger,

* The hot fit followed immediately after the cold ; and in very bad cafes, fome had the firfl day an intolerable head-ach. The fever at firfl appeared to be fmall in mofl, but in the courfe of the diforder, was flill more and more confiderable ; yet in the mofl vio- lent fpecies, and where there was the mofl danger, it was at times not obfervable, and the pulfe infinitely weak ; in lefs violent kinds» the fever was often \try high : I faw too, in fome, even at the firft day, a perfedl delirium ; in others, a continual lethargy, which accompanied many in defperate cafes, and was particularly conflanc in children. The difeafe was very favourable in fome, after a flight attack : thefe had little fever in the beginning, and their flools, even the third day, continued to be yellow, and very little ofFenfive ; but after that time, they began to complain of a bitter tafle in their mouths, and the violence of the fever increafed with the increafing difcolouration of their flools.

I always foUnd the excrements thin ; but very often vifcous, and that even at the beginning of the diforder. With fome, they were quite bloody the firfl day, with others, later: in thofe that were feverely attacked, as well as young children, they were mixed from the bej^iirning, with grumous blood. I have feen children, from whom, in the firfl days of malady, the blood has flowed in flreams down their legs ; jufl after appeared a quite green matter, and this gave place to a red ; with mofl, the excrements were at the fame time white, red, yellow, brown, green, and fomctimes even black, for the mofl part yielding a very bad fmell, which was at times p«r- fedlly cadaverous. The excretions in fome, who had taken no mt- dicine, remained for a whole week quite white, and came away without pain; a week after that, red, with great pain; and throughout fevcral fucceeding weeks, red, white, and very little painful,

* In flight indifpofitions, the patients went to flool about fifteen or twenty times a day, and many forty or fifty. ^ I faw, and even cured fome, that in the fpace of twelve hours, had from an hundred and fifty to two hundred flools, and whofe evacuations came fo quick one upon another, that one would have thought their whole infide was coming out.

* The tormina were always more violent before going to ftool, and I thought my patients very well off, when the pains remitted after evacuation ; in many they were very fharp, and in fevere ill- neffes drove the patient almofl to defpair. They were accompanied in the courfe of the diforder, by a fmart pain in the back, ibmetimes a heat of urine, and in mofl perfons by atenefmus.

^ In the worfl fpecies, the chefl was opprefTed. In all kinds I found the appetite and natural flccp entirely gone : moft had an in- extinguiihable thirfl, and the greatefl part were obliged to keep their beds^ by reafon of their extreme feeblenefs ; many were in-

Zimmerman V Tnatife on iht DjfenUry, 17

conceivtbly weak, and at times ^nted away. There were, how- ever* {bme who were able to fit ap out of bed ; and many, in light indifpofitioosp walked about. Many fweaccd, but without benefit.

* The bad forts of this dyicntery lafted fometimes from fourtcea to fixteen days, efpecially when proper evacuations could not be made daring the firft days of the diforder ; though mod of my pa- tients recovered in five or fix days. There appeared in fome, that were very hard befet with the diforder, a raih on the mouth and tODSue, in others, all over the abdomen, and in others, all over the body ; though the difeafe, in reality, was as good as cured. In one fingle fubjett, I faw, after a happy and perlefl cure, a prolap- fos of the redlum. I have not experienced a rclapfc in any of my patients, excepting two in one pcrfon ; the fird proceeding from a violent fit of anger, and the other, bccaufe he got out of bed in the night, and was forced to run about the ftrcets fevcral times in a hard fiiower of rain.

* They who were the moll dangeroufly ill, had a regular miliary eruption $ and, at the fame time, ulcers about the body at a time when the diforder was at its greated height, if tlicy had not takea the purging medicine that was ordered. Tiie grcatcll misfortune that attendra very young children, who were very feverely feized by this malady, confiited in the fpafmodic contractions of the nerves, which came on at its firft commencement, and by which they were immediately deprived of all fenfation.

* When the difeafe terminated fatally, the tormina did not remit after going to ftool, but were every day more and more intolerable, and the ftools remained equal in number ; a hiccough, at rime.s a vomiting, and fwelling of the abdomen next followed, and hilly, the cholic pains ceafed. Death brought up the rear, (efpecially with them who had drink freely of winef as early as the nt:h, eighth, ninth, and fourteenth day, and fometimes larcr.

* They that in fevere cafes, only took medicines in the beginning of the diftemper, and afterwards laid them afide, were in vciy great danger; and though they took to them ag.iin in fix or eip.ht days, yet Itill they continued along time ill, if ac length they di;i not hap- pen to die. Many that tooK no medicines at ail, hc'.d a •r-jutlc, but tedious dy fentcry ; gripes^ tenefmus, and aifo blood iiiixod wiih their excretions, which otherwife had only been iViaiy ; g'.t'aJ weari- ncfsin the members, frequent returns of the cold fit, violent fwcais, indigeilion. aud pains in the fcoir.ach from every thinrj they ate. Others were haraflcd with a Hying gojt ; o:h'.T.s, arron:; wJiom wjre likewifc children, with a dropfy ; othjri, ii«;ain, \wih obllinatc fwellings in the feet ; :ind with othcrfs, from whom the evil fL'cmed to go away of itf.lf, ilill remained a great pain in the loins, and a rheum acifm in the joints.

* The more favourable fpccies of th? dyfcntcry, fhc.vcd them- felvcs by an univcrtal languor, a ihivciiig, fomc pjpr.iry to vo- mit, a cholic of no very long continua-iCv-, and niujh lifi fr':qtient, as well as Icfi griping ftools. The excrcm-jnts v»'crc ior the nv»lt part white, and their food came away ur.dij>':lcd ; the blood did not ^- p?ar till after fomc days, or clfe the iikns of it v>c:e hardly to be per- ceived.

Rav. Jan. 1772. C Some,

1? Zjmmcrman'i Treatffe on the Dyfenteryi

* Some, in the beginning or end of the epidemy* efpecially tEoic^ ^ho lived towards the boundaries of its ravages, were only troublecf with a violent griping, which continued* five or fix days, and fome-' times a fortnight, without purging^ but rather a conitipation of the belly : though whea I had given them fomething opening, I foimdt their excretions mixed with blood and white-like pus. Such as hid^ taken no medicine in thefe circumAances^ fell inta a moil dreadfbl dyfentery.

* Many had a mere griping diarrhoea, which fiaid'whh moft per- fons but a few days, in which, however, I found the excrements frothy, and mixed with gall. A purging of this kind remained fix weeks with a lad, to whom I purpofely gave no medicines, as 1 hoped, that by means of this, he would be rid of a different kind of diilemper, which returned upon him every year; which accordingly happened.

* Some tliat were not attacked by the dyfentery where it had raged, but had attended on thofe that were fick of this diforder, or lived in the houfe with them, at the end of the epidemy were plagued with large boils on the bread, under the arms, on the knees, and legs ; fome had them on the head, and over their whole body ; many, indead of boils, had great white bladders : yet none of thefc people kept their beds.'

The curative indications laid down by our Author are, as quickly as pofTible to expel the putrid matters, and to correft" the tendency to putrefaftion.— fhcfe ends are to be anfwered by emetics and cathartics, and by mild acids ufed as antifep- tics. The pains aro to be relieved by foft> mucilaginous It* quors, rather than opiates.

' After having given, fays Dr. Zimmerman^ the vomit in iho morning, I ordered them to fet out in the afternoon with the fbl^ lowing drink : Take two ounces of barley, and boil them up with an ounc^ of cream of tartar, in two pints and a half of water, ttli> the barley burds ; then drain it through a linen cloth, and fet the liquor by, which will amount to about a quart, to be drank warm at proper intervals, during the fird afternoon, and the whole fuc* ceeding night throughout. I lefiened the dofe of the cream of tartar according to the age of the patient, though I modly duck to the pro* portion before-mentioned..

* On the fccond day in the morning, I gave to adults three ounces- of tamarinds, boiled up for the fpace of two minutes, with half a pint of warm water, and drained off; to children two ounces, and to very fmall infants one.- . This gently- opening, medicine dire£lly brought on the flools more copioufly than be^re, but after this their number was generally diminidied ; fometimes the tormina went quite away, but for the mod part, were at lead greatly alleviated. A large copious excretion produced by this medicine, had always aa excellent ed'e6h Indead of tamarinds, I fometimes gave Sedliz falts^ to the quantity of one ounce, or an eunce and an half, with the like fuccefs. During the night, I repeated the barley-water with the cream of tartar. On the third day, 1 gave dill the umarind decoc- tion,., if the malady was not fufiiciently diminidied ; otherwife I pot

^immermaiiV Trntttfi on the Dyfeninji i$

it off till the fonrth day, and ordered nothing farther in the mean time, than barley-water with cream of tartar.

* I ^ve the peafantj pretty often after the emetic, on the after- toon of the firft day, a drachm of cream of tartar, with the like qaantity of rhubarb : the fame dofe in the morning and evening of tke iecond day, and the morning of the third. Sometimes 1 divided this into fix dofea, and ordered the whole iix to be taken by the Ibtirth day, while, at the fame time, I prefcribcd the barley*water in the fame manner ; I diminifiied the ilofes like wife in proportion to the patient's age. The fuccefs was not bad ; for, by means of a Tomit giirea at the beginning, two drachma of powdered rhubarb, nitfa the like quantity of cream of tartar, and the common barley- water. with an ounce of the fame fait, 1 have done many people great fervice in three days time, and have in this manner even per- feftly cnred a woman fourfcore years old, of thR dyfentery. By this nnhod, however, the pains did not fo foon remit ; but, on the coatrary. grew much more violent ; which did not happen when f omitted the rhubarb.

* The cream of tartar and tamarinds did not only occafion no pun, but very mnch diminiflicd it when they proved fuffic'icr.cly purgative. They had alfo this advantage over rhubarb, that by means of their acidity, they adled very powerfully againll the putrid fever ; while, on the contrary, rhubarb, except a deterfive and {^ it appears to me) not vexy antifeptic power, can boafl of nothing more, than of beine capable of contracting the fibres.

' In obftinate and tedious cafes, by means of an opening medicine, coofiding of three ounces of tamarinds, the flools became lefs fre- quent in the very height of the diforder, and the patients were al- «rays relieved. So far from being weakened by this purge, I per- erivcd that they grew flronger and more alert than they had been be- Ibre, when their bowels were diilended with putrid matter.

' In general, the tamarinds had a much quicker and better efFeft than rhabarb alone. So far from caufing pain, they alleviated it very much, and, accompanied mth the cream of tartar during the intervals, finiflied the difeaie in three or four days, even when the aoack was very violent. Notwith (landing the emetic, the ilooJs grew very copious and of a bad appearance fome hours afterwards, the piin$ great, and the wearinefs of the members very confiderable. Bot very often all thefe fymptoms fuddcnly vamflted on purging the patient with tamarinds.

' As fall as each fy mptom of the dyfentery decreafed, and at length vaniflied, 1 perceived that the fever in like manner decreafed andvaniihed. It took a faft hold, and even grew very confiderable, when the putrid matter was not evacuated in fufhcient quantities diitfUy at the beginning. I made ufe of no other remedy for it, than thofe which I have already indicated. They were fi^fHciently capable of correding and evacuating the bilious matter, and thus likewife of putting an end to the k\eT,

* After the emetic 1 fometimes too gave cream of tartar, rhubirb, and tamarinds by turns, with good fuccefs. But 1 was guilty of an error in doc being content with tamarinds, and the other medicines akmei when 1 had omitted the rhubarb.

e 2 i iti

to Zimmerman*! Treatife on the Dyfenteiji

' In general, at the beginning of the dtdemper, ipecacuanha, cream of tartar given in great quantities with barley-water, and ca^ jnarinds, were my principal remedies, Againft the tormina, I made ufe of chamomile and linieed-^tea, almond- emulfions, gum-aral»c clyfters, and, but fcldom, and that with the greateii cantion, of laudanum. Towards the end of the difeafe, rhubarb was of iinga* . lar fervice.'

The great evils arifing from aftringents, conftipating medi- cines, fpices, brandy and wine, are earneftly reprefented.

The remainder of this treatife is employed in obfervations and more determinate conclufions, refpe£ling the diagnofis and cure of moft fpecics of the dyfentery. — The fpecics which our Author chiefly enlarges upon, are here pointed out. .

* However, we mud diflinguifh from all thefe fymptomadcal fpecies, fuch as do not depend upon another diforder, and of theft only we here treat at prefent, and ihall take four fpecies into confi* deration, though there are, perhaps, more ; if there be, however^ they are but feldom feen. The moft ufual are, the fpecies which accompanies an inflammatory fever ; that which attends a bilious or putrid kvcFf the moil common of any ; that which is concomitant on a malignant fewer i and, laflly, (if it may be admitted,) the chronic dyfentery.'

The charaders of thefe four fpecies are thus marked out :

* An inflammatory dyfentery makes its appearance, at the begin*- ning, with a very violent fever, a very hard pulfe, which, in other dyfenteries, is moflly fmall, and but feldom (and that only in the progrefs of the ficknefs) becomes full ; an almoft continual and in- tolerable pain in the belly, which increafes on the part's being touched, and flill more after vomiting; flools very inconflderable with refpedl to quantity, a head>ach, red face, and foinetimes a dif?- tended abdomen. A putrid dyfentery difcovers itfelf by a bitternefs in the mouth, that appears direflly on the firfl attack ; a vomiting of a bilious matter, which is fometimes alfo mingled with worms, a fhivcring that returns in the courfe of the diforder, the fometimes apparent flightnefs of the fever, the commonly pale colour of the countenance, the eafe that is found after vomiting, the variegated colour of the excrements, and fometimes by the worms contained in them. We may always fuppofe a priori the prcftnce of a malig- nant dvfentery ; where many people, flck of the dyfentery, are croudcd together in a fmall fpace ; but this diforder may likewife proceed from many other external, as well as internal, caufes: its lured pathognomonic figns are, the quick approach of a more than natural weaknefs, great anxiety about the pit of the flomach, a heavinefs in the hcnd, a wild, and yet at the fame time, a dead-like look, fpirits extremely dcprcflcd, or a pcrfeft indiflerence to every thing in the world, fitqutnt flight convulfions, a very weak voice, a great many fainting iitf , fomenmes a miliary eruption, patcchise, aphthse, a very weak pulfe, a vail ficknefs at the flomach, and the other ufual fymptoms in mslignant fevers, wtnch have been above related. The flow, or chronic dyfentery, it maniieft enough of itrcif, and requires no defcriptioiu'

8 For

Berengef i KJiorf of thi At( of Horfmanjhip. ,^\,

For the other prafiical obfcrvationsy and the diflferent me- thods of cure which are adapted to the different fpecies of dy- fcnteiy, wc muft reFer to the treatife itfelf, which we can aflure our medical readers will be found well worth their perufal.

Dr. Zimmemnan is a moft happy and judicious obfcrver of difeafes. — The prefent treatife is a very valuable work ; it con- tains many important diftin£tions, and ufeful remarks. — It is not drawn up, however, with that great accuracy and concife* nels, which are expected from the pen of a Zimmerman.

Art. IV. Berenger'j Hiftory of the Art cf Hor/emanjbip^ concluded : See our lail Month's Review, page 468.

ALTHOUGH the art of riding ought to meet with encou- ragementf yet, in its fulleft extent, it is proper that only diftiaguifhed perfonages, and military gentlemen, who ride horfcs of g;reat price, fhould aim at exhibiting all the various graces which the equeftrian figure is capable of difplaying. But, if Voltes and Caprioles are confefTedly beyond the fphere of common riders, every man who mounts a horfe ought, never- thelefs, to know enough of the art to form the creature to cor- rcA movements, and to habituate themfelves to fit eafily, be- comingly, and fecurely.

To the tranflation of Xenophon*s treatife, our Author has occafionally added judicious notes, to (hew the agreement or improvements of modern horfemanfhip, compared with that of the time of the Greek general. He particularly cenfurcs, in fevcre terms, the modern ignorant, abfurd, and cruel praiStice of cropping the ears, and of docking and nicking the tails ; thereby torturing and deforming a graceful animal, and inhu- manly depriving him of the aid and relief which the natural long tail affords againft the teazing of flies«

In the diflertation on the ancient Chariot, among other curi- ous particulars. Governor Pownall gives an ingenious and na- tural folution of the difficulty that occurs in the ancient race, when it was exhibited on a Ihort courfe, arifing from the un« equal wheelings of the outer and inner chariots, if the fame order was preferved in doubling the courfe.

This injuflice be clearly (hews to have been obviated, by their running acrofs between the termini^ or goals, alternately, in the

form of a figure of eight, as thus: (•^!^^^^ by which

means an equality was preferved among the compctitc r . the outermoft on one wheeling being innermoft on the next, ai.J the other chariots in proportion.

In the fecond volume, we come to the principles of hnrfe- luxzihipi and firft Mr. B, direS^s the nd^:r to his pro^-^cr feat.

^

Bcrcngcr'j Hfji&ry of the Art ofH&rfemanJblp,

The following arc h\l

ftn airtjcle of the titmoll importance inftruftions on this head :

. * The principles and rules which have hitherto been givca for tb^ feman's feat arc various, aod even oppofite^ according as they h^en adopted by different maders, and taught in diitercnt countiics; al moll each mailer in particular, and every nauon, hav- ing ccriJn rules and notions of their own. Let m fee, however, if art C'M% difcover nothing to us that is certain and invariably true* The Irall.ms, the S^^aniards, the French, and, in a ivord, every country where riding is in repute, adopt each a poiture which ist pe- culiar to themfdves ; the foundation of their general notions is, if I tnay to fiy, the finic, bu: yet each country has prefcrtbed rulci for the pjacio^ of the man in the {w^6\c. This contrariety of opi- jiions, which have their origir^ more in prejudice than in truth and reality, has given riTo to many vain rcalbnrags and fpcculations, each fyfteni having its follovvers j and, as if truth was not always the fiimc and unchangeable, but at liberty to aifunie various and evea <»ppoiite ap}H;arances, fomctlnies one opaion prcv..ilcd» ibmeuaies another d^jizlcd j inroniuch, that thofe who underiiand nothing of the fiibjcdl, bu: yet are deiiroua of informing themfelvcs by fc arch- ing it to the bottom, have hitherto been io(t in doubt and perplexity,

* There is, neverthelefj a fure and infallible method, by th« aflifl- anccof which it would be ^cry eafy to overturn all thcfc fytlems ; but, not to enter into a necdlef^ detail of the c^travag:;jit notions which the feat alone has given rife to, let us trace it from principles, by fo miich the more folid, as their authority will be fuppgrtcd by the moil convincing ati fclf cndent rcaTons.

* In order to fuccced in an art where the mcchanifni of the body i^ abfolutcly neccf^iiry, and where each part of the body has \u proptf fur^iTlions which are peculiar to that part, it ii moll certain that ;iU and c\ciy part of the body lhou)d be in a natural poiuirc* Were they in an impcrfed fjtuatioo, they would want that cafe and free- dom which is infcparAble from grace ; and as every motion which is conlh'aint:d being falfc in itfelf, and incapable of juftnefs, it i^ clear that the pirt io CQnitrained and forced would throw the whole into Jirord^x, becaufe eacli part belonging to, and depending upon thi; whole body, and the body partaking of the conltraint of its parts, can never iecl that fixed point, that jail couutcrpoill: and equality, m wiiich rJonc a fine and ju(l execution coufifts.

* It is not fuiTicicnt then alone, in giving dircdtioni for the feat^ to k-fcp altogether to trivial and common rules, which may be fol- lowed or left at pleafure ; we ought to weigh 2nd examine them with ikill and jadtitr.ent, in order to know how to apply them properly and fuitably, m the fhapc and £gurc of the perlbn vy whom we un- dertake to give a feat will allow; for many moiio:;s an J attitudes that appear t:k{^ and natural to one man, in another uii auk ward and ungraceful, whence all thofe faults and difficultiea which many perfona have been thought infuperabic ; whereas a little mofi^ Jcno.vkdgc, a little clofer attention, would concert, in the fame iubjctt, an aukward and d I fp leafing apf»earance into ancafy, Daturaf «^d giaccful figure, capable of drawing the eyes even of judgc'^

thcimelvffi

Bcrcnger's Hifory efthe Art cf Harfematijhip^ 23

(hemfelves. Indeed the objedls to which a maRer, anxious for the advancement of his pupil, ihould attend, arc infinite. To little purpofe will it be to keep the ilridell eye upon all the parts and limbs of bis pupil's body ; in vain will he endeavour to remedy all the defedks and faults which, arc found in- the poflurc of almod every fcholir in the beginning, unlcfs he is intimately acquainted with and apprifed of the dofe dependence and connci^ion thai there is betvveen the motions of one part of the body with the reil ; a corrcfpondcnce caufed by the reciprocal adion of the mufcles, u'hich govern and dircfi them : unlefs, theKfbre, he is mailer of this fecrct, and has this ckie to the iabyf inth, he will never attain the end he propofcs, particularly in his hrll Icflbns, upon which the fucccfs of the rell al- ways depends.

• Thcfc principles being cflablilhed, let us reafon in confcquence of them ; we (hall difplay them with great force and dearnefs.

* The body of a man is divided into three parts ; two of which are moveable, the other immoveable.

' The firH of the iwo moveable parts is the trunk or body, down to the waift ; the £bcond is from the knees to the feet ; fo that the xexDaining immoveable part is that between the waill and the knees.

' The parts xhen which ought to be without motion, are the fork cr twift of the horfeman and his thighs ; now, that thefe parts ihould be kept without motion, they ought to have a certain hold and center, if I may fo fay, to reft upon, which no motion that the horfe can make can difturb or loofen ; this point or center is the ba£s of the hold which the horfeman has upon his horfe, and is what is called the ^at : now if the feat is nothing elfe but this point or center, it mull follow, that not only the grace, but the fymmetry and erne proportion of the whole attitude depends upon thofe parts of the body that are immoveable.

' Let the horfeman then place himfelf at once upon his twift, fit- tbg exa£Uy in the middle of the faddle ; let him fupport this podure ia which the twift alone fecms to fuilain the weight of the whole body, by moderately leaning upon his buttock ; let his thighs be turned in- ward, and reil flat upon the iides of the faddle; and, in order to this, let the turn, bf the thighs proceed direi^tly from the hips, and let him employ no force or iirength to keep himfelf in the faddle, but tnifb'to the weight of his lx)dy and thighs ; this is the exacl cqoilibre ; in this coniills the firmnefs of the whole building, a firm- Bsis which young beginners are never fenfible of at fird, but which is to be acquired, and will always be attained, by exercife and pradice.

* I demand but a moderate flrcfs upon the buttocks, becaufe a man that fits full upon them can never turn his thighs flat upon the faddle ; and the thighs ihould always lie flat, becauie the fleihy pare of the thigh being infenflble, the horfeman would not otherwife be able to feel the motions of his horfe ; 1 infill that the turn of the thigh Awald be from the hip, becaufe this turn can never be n'atural, but ii it proceeds from the hollow of the hip-bone ; I infill further that the horieman never avail himfelf of the flrength or help of his lUghs, becaafe, befides that tbev would then be lefs fleady, the dflSu* he prciTed them to the faddle, the more would he be lifted

C 4 abovf

i% Berengcr'x Hijhrj of the Art of H^rfemanjhip^

above ihc fadd!c ; and with rcfpcfl to his buttocks and thighs, he ought :i)wuys to be in the middle of the faddle, and fit doMrn fuiJ and clofe up6nit*

* Having thus firmly placed the immoveable parts, let us pafs on to the firil of the Mavcabhs, which is, as I have already obferve<J» ihc body or trunk, as far as to the waift. I comprehend in the body, or trunk, the head, the (boulders, the breall, the arms, the hands^ the reina, and the wailt of the horfeman.

* The head fhould be free, firm and eafy, in order to be ready for all the naturrJ motions that the horfeman may make in turning it to one fide or the other* It fhould be firm, that is to fay, ftrait, with- out leaning to the right or left, neither advanced nor thrown back ; it (hould be eafy, becaufc if oiherwife, it would occafion a iUCacfa, ind that ftiffhcfs affecting the different parts of the body, efpecially ihc back-bone, they would be without eaft, and conllrained.

* The Jhoulders alone influence by their motions that oftliebreai(» the rein J and the wairt.

* The horfeman (hould prefcnt or advance his bread ; by that his ivholc figure opens and difplays itfelf : he (hould have a I'mall hollow in his reins, and pufh his waift forward to the pommel of the faddle, becaufc this pofuion correfponds and unites him to all the motions ofthchorfe. Now only throwing the ihoulders back, produces all thcfc efftils, and gives them exad-Uy in the degree that is requiiitc } whereas, if we were to look for the particular poijtion of each pan fcparatcly, and by itfelf, without examining the connexion that there is between the motions of one part with thofc of another, there would be fuch a bending in his reins, that the horfeman would be, if I may fo fay, hollow-badied ; and as from that he would force his bread forward, and his waift towards the pommel of the faddle, hje. would be Hung back, and mull fit upon the rump of the horfe.

* I he arnu fliouM be bent at the clbovvs, and the elbows ftiould ?cft cqunlly upon the hips ; if the arms were ftraight, the confe- quence would be, that the hands would be infinitely too low, or at much C!*o great a iJittancc from the body ; and if the elbows were not kept ilcady, they wouki of confequencc, give an uncertainty^ and ficklenefs to the hand, fufficient to ruin it for ever,

* his true that the BridUAx^n^, is that which abfolutely ought to b<» fteady and immoveable; and one might conclude from thence, tliiit the left elbow only ought to reit upon the hip ; but grace con- iitts in I he cjcuiSt proportion and fymmetry of all the pans of the

ih

bu

it

ar.

avc the arm on one ii^^ raifed and advanced, and r kept down nnd clofe to the body, would prefcac' id and difagret^ublc appearance,

which detcruiincs the fituation of the hand which holds ^c lefc-hind bcin^ cf :in equal hclghth with the eJbow ; knuckle of the little finger, and the tip of the elbow be inc ; this hand then biing rounded neither too much nor LiUt jujl fo that the wrill may dirc«^ all ic5 motions, place iiand, or the whip- hand, lower and more for>^ard than and* It ftiould be lower than the other hand» becaufe if a Ic'vc! wiih it, it would rcilrain orobilru(:l it* motions}; 10 be higher^ as it cannot take io great a compafs as thf

biidlf^ei

Bcrengec'i Hiftorf rfthe Art ofH9rfi$panfitpk a$

loikidle-liand, which muft always be kept over againft the hoifeman's body ; it is abfolutely neceflary to keep the proportion Of the elbows^ that it ihoald be lower than the other.

* The legs and feet make up that fecond divifioH df what I caU the moveable parts of the body.

* The legs ferve for two pnrpofes ; they may be ofed as aids or corredions to the animal. They fiiould then h^ liLfpt near the fides of the horfe, and in a line with the man's body ; for being near the part of the hoHe's body where his feeling is moft delicate, they arp ready to do their office in the inflant they are wanted.

' Moreover, as they are an appendix of the thighs, if the thigh is npon its flat in the faddle, they will by a neCefTary confequence be tamed j aft as they ought, and will infallibly give the fame tarn to the feet, becanfe the feet depend upon them, as they depend upon the thighs.

' The toe fhonld be held a little higher than the heel; for the lower the toe is, the nearer the heel will be to the fxles oi the horfe, and jnuft be in danger of touching his fiank. Many perfons, notwith- ftanding, when they raife their toe, bend and twilt their ankle, aa if they were lame in that part. The reaibn of this is xtry plain ; it is becaufe they make ufe of the mufcles in their legs and thighs, whereas they fliould employ only the joint of the foot for this pur« pofe ; a joint given by nature to facilitate all the motions of the foot, ind to enable it to turn to the right or left, upwards or downwards.

* Such is, in (hort, the mechanical difpofuion of all the parts of the horfeman's body. I will enlarge no farther upon a fubjed treat- ed on already (b amply by t\CTy writer ; it is needlefs to write what has been already handled. I have had no other defign in this chapter, than to give an idea of the correfpondence that there is between all the pans of the body, becaufe it is only by a jufl knowledge of this mutual relation of all the different parts, that we can be enabled to prefcrib;: rules for giving that true and natural feat, which is not only c.^e principle of juilnefs, but likcwife the foundation of all grace in the horfeman.'

Mr. B. then treats of breaking colts to the bitt and faddle^ and of the feveral exercifes and airs proper to be taught them : and we were particularly pleafed to find him occafionally re- commending gentle treatment, and cautioning the lider againft paffionate corredtions. There is great addrefs required ia breaking and exercifing a horfe with judgment ; and it is to be lamented when he fails into inconfidcrate and brutlih hands* Such teachers, if a horfe does not at once comprehend and obey what is required, will ufe him unmercifully ; and thus both teacher and fcholar are equally rendered incapable of knowing what they are about. On the contrary, a cool judi- cious mailer will take care to difcompofc himfcif and the horfe as little as poilible. In the manege, as in every other art, there are many circumdances to be attended to, and as our conft* rierate Author cbferves, the (Jifobedicnce of a h<.ilc does not always fprin^ fjpiu obliinac/ pr rcftiyencfs ; a couVV\tui\oi\.A

5t5 Bercngtr^s Hiflory of the Art of Horfimanfi^ip,

iiniitners for fo|ne airs he is put to, or the inconflderate con* dud of his tcacbaCj. are very often (he caufes bf what is attri- l>uted to a flubborjiiie£(jX>f dirpo(^U|9>n. Indeied, c^onQilfrijQg the jodd tricks the maf^igedLborieis^roy.e to, perforin^ the animal is much to be admiitd for proviog;iQ:.tn)&able as we find hioi i ^and there is nionftrous barbacity in ufihg ill Jki fine a creature, of whofe powers we fo greatly avail ourfehres.

At the clofe of the voluiney Mr. B. 'Acknowledges that he derive the rules of the manege, principally from Mohf. fiour- jgelat.

The methods and fafhions of this, like every other art^^ alter according as impiovements are difcovered, and indeed often as liumour djdates, which has great afcendance over us, and leads us inccfraiiUy in the fearch of variety : hence the Duke of New«> xaftle's magnificent treatife and fyftem is in a great oiealiire grown obfolcre, and the work now before us rendered neceflary. No reformations can juftly be cenfured that tend to fimplify any art, and — if we might dai:e to hazard an opinion without dani^cr of the lajb^ we (hould be inclined to doubr, whether one half of what is taught in the riding- fchool has any con« nexion with utility.

What cur Author fays of bitts, which he treats of diftinfljy at the end of the laft volume, appears to merit peculiar atten- tion, at Icaft in our opinions, who are difpofed to think favour- ably of any attempts to lighten the hand of fcverity over a faithful, willing Jcrvant. The following extrad, from this part, is therefore gladly given with the fanflion it bears.

* Tiic proiligious varic:y oi Bitts which were ufed in former times, Joudly procldm the difHculty of adapting thefc machines to the piouihs of hor!cs, fo as to anAvcr the wifties of the rider; for aU though much vvantonnefs was indulged in the iuveotion of >^ ffonx* and of fuch llrangc forms, the greater part of them mufl nevertheiefs be confidcred as purely calculated for the fervice of the horfeman, wMle the prodigious number of them» and the difference of their figures and dimeniions, prove the uncertainty of the means em* ployed.

' To form a conjedore of the intentions of the ancient horfemen ^m the bitts they ufedy^ey feem to have had little more in view than to awe and command the horfcs by force and violence, fo as to be mailers of them at all events ; and the bitts which they pot into their mouths, and the Cavtfins over the no(e, plainly confefs that they placed all their hopes in the fcverity of their tools, and the flrength of the hand which held them ; whife all fenlibility in the horfe, and exadnefs and delicacy in the man, were either dif- regarded, or unknown. Thefe reproaches, however, are now no more, and the prefent times are fo enlightened, as to poflefs the art of bitting horfes in its fblleft extent, and to be able to difplav it in its utmolt force, purity, and elegance : unfortunate and miftaken at ;he fame tin;e ! For (he Sitt^ with all its imprpvemeAts and boaile4

virtues*

BercngerV Hiflory of the Art of Horfetnanjhlp.^ ay

virtues, can never operate fo as to reconcile R'eftrdmt with Liberty^ raijt and bend 2X the fame time, fb as tq drav^ up, and place the horfes bead and -neck in a poftnie which mtiHf^ftAi re him to be upoi| ills haunches, without BoHit^^ liowcvcr, or tarnihg his Najl- upward, bat mpropoitioji to his mtdaire and" mould, keeping the mouth coot-and freOi, and enablinfr the horfe to perform his bufinefs, be it what it will, with that freedom, brilliancy, and juilice, which con* itituce the perfediofi of boriemanihip ; unlefs, perhaps, in the in* iUoccs of a few horfes, which may be fo pcrfcdi in mind and body, as to be properly called the Phccnixcs of their kind.

* An hombler, plain, and hitherto defpifed inftrument, can neverthelefs do the feat; and that with fuch certainty, readinefs, and cafe, that to prefer a Biff to it, feems to be as llrange, as to make ufe of the huge, complex, and intricate machine, called by the ingenious Hogarth^ a new Invention to draw a cork out of a bottle, in (lead of a common Scren*} ; than which, in a good hand^ nothing can be more ciFedual.

* This ioftrument is called the Snaffle ; ^nd if ever there was a Panacea^ or univerfal medicine, the Snaffle is one for the mouths of horfes ; it fuits all, it accommodates itfelf to all, and cither £nds tijem good, or very fpeedily makes them fo ; and the mouth once madtf will always be faithful to the hand, let it ad with what agent it will. This bridle can at once fubjeft the horfc to great rcftraint^ or indulge it in cafe and ft-ccdom ; it can place the head exactly a« the horfcman likes to have it, and work and bend the neck and flHMilders to what degree he plcafes. He can r::ife the head, by holding up his hand ; by lowering it, will be brought down ; and if he chules to fix and confine it lo a certain dccrree, he mud ufe for this, as well as for the purpofe of henUingy double Reins^ that is, two on each fide ; the ends of which muil he faltcncd in a llaple near the pommel of the faddJe, or to the Cinbsy higher or lo^er, as the mouth, propoitions of the horfe, and his manner of going require; and if properly meafured and adjuUcd, they will form and command the hori'e io clfedually, as in a great degree to palliate many im- pcxfedions of the mouth, and many faults in the mould and figure.

* The reins thus fattened, or even one only, for the fake of work- ing one jaw and fide, will operate, more or Icfs, as the Branches do 10 a biu, and the fnaiiie will almoll be a Bitt, a Bridon^ a caveibn, ahd martingcil in one. When the horfeman would bend his horfe, he mufl: pull therein of th?t fide to which he is going, and lengthen that of the oppofite, that they may not countera«^ c«ich other. No- thing will awaken a dull mouth, and bring it to life and feeling, fo loon as this bridle. If the mouth is hard and callous, the iron fnould be twifled fo as to havie a fort of edge, which will fearch the lips, ai.d when they will permit, the Bars ; and if gently moved, cr drawn from fide to fide, keep the mouth frcih and cooJ. If the t^jiiftedy or rough fnafiie is thought too harlh, and the hand not fkiU ful enough to moderate its eftcds, a fmooth fna^e may be ufed ; or if a bit of linen be wrapped round the twilled fnaffle, it will make it eafy and fmooth, and the mouth once made £ne and delicate, will be true to its feelings, will obey the Snaffle, and follow tVvc Vi;itui V^ith as much cxa^tads aad prccHon as thv £i*i kaows to demand*

jtS Whilakcr*^ f^Jcry of Manchejfir.

but with more freedom and boldnefs than it ever can allow. Nor need the Aiiis of the horfeman be ruder, or more apparent, than ^hen uiing a bitt ; for if the horfe be quick in bis feeling, has a siovth well- worked and feafoned, and is adive, fupple, and willing, that is to fay, be compUuij drtjfedj the rider may turn and wind him at pleafurc, with as much grace, eafe, and fecrcfy as the btit can lioa^. To conclude, the Bitt is certainly more graceful, and the loric appears, when furniflicd with it» to more advantage ; it like- wHie is more flrong and coercive than the Snaffie-y but its power caik be wanted only in the circumftances of hard mouths, and rude handsy where mere violence is preferred to gentlenefs and art ; as in the in- iance of coach- horfes, and many others, under the management of common grooms, and other ignorant people.

* To fuch perfons 1 do not addrefs this diCcourfe ; yet I conld tell fbcm, if they wifh to know, that it is the mouth alone in which they fikould put their truth, and not in the flrength of their arms, nor in the rigour of the bitt ; and when this is formed, and reduced to a joft temper, and the hand knows how to play upon it, they will find» that not only a Snaffle^ but even a Ribband, or Packthread will be lofficient to guide and controul the animal in all its motions. The mouth, therefore, being made, and without it there can be no riding, the SnajgU will be'as effedual as the bitt, and in all other particulars jH^reatly fuperior to it ; while it flands doubly valuable and recom- snendcd from the plainnefs and fimplicity of iss compofition, and iota the eafe and readinefs with which it may be ufed.*

The firft volume is decorated with nine plates, bcfide the cixiblematic frontifpiece, which is a centaur, dcfigned to illuf- trate the hiftory of ancient horfcpianfhip. 7'he fecond volume has fix plates, exclufive of a frontifpiece \ in thefe are dcfcribed the art of working, or training horles by the hand, by methods which have the fanftion of Mr. Berenger's very refpe^able and fufficicnt recommendation.

Art. V. Thi Hifiory of Mancbefier. In four Books, By John Whitaker, B. D. F. S. A. and Fellow of C. C. C. Oxford. 4to. 15 s. Boards, Dodiley, &c. 17710

THE Hlftory of Manchefter is here attempted (as the Author informs us in his Preface) on a plan which ap- peiared to him the only rational fcheme for a work of antiqui* ties. He (ketched it out fix or feven years ago; and he has ))ad the patient refolution (as he declares] to work upon it (cver fince. The whole is divided into four Books, containing 9$ iQaOT periods, — the Britiih and Roman- Britlfli, — the Saxon, — the Danifli and Norman-Danilh, — and the Modern. Of ihefe, tYitfirJi only is here prefented to the public.

The Reader is told not to expeft, in this work, merely the private hiftory of a fingle town, but whatever curious parti- culars can with propriety be conncfted with it. * Whatevc^r ferves to UlMilr^te the general aati^uities of (he kingdom or the

CQunty^

Whitakcr'x Hijiory of Mamltfier. 29

county, whatever ferves to mark the general polity of our towns, whatever ferves to lay open the caufes and the circum* fiances of any momentous events that a(FeA the interefts of Mancheftcr^ ail thefe the Author propofes to examine, to afcertain the doubtful, to retrench the falfe, and to clear up the obfcure in them/

He «tfo promifes to exert his heft endeavours to fix the pofition of tit the Briti(h tribes, and to define the extent of all the Roman provinces in the ifland; as well as to inveftigate the firft commencement of our prefent towns, and to trace back Manchefter and various others to the rude ftations of the Britons in the woods. By a new argument he hopes to lay opeR the whole fyftem of polity eftabliflied among the Britons, and to follow the commencement of our domeftac oeconomy up to its earlieft origin. He farther promifes ^ at* tentively to mark the progrefs of the Roman genius on the fubjedion of the Britons, in planting fortrefles and coitftr«i&- ing roads, in order to command the country; in erediog; towns and introducing civility, in order to humanize the na- tives.* r* He wilhes to catch the general appearance of the

ifland, the county, and the town, as it varies in the fever J ftages of their biftories. He defigns to delineate the gradual progrefs of the arts, and to trace the fuccelHve growth of civility in alL And he propofes to mark the public and the private manners of every period, as they rife before him.

Thus has the ingenious and elaborate Author endeavoured, by a judicious diftribution of general difquifitions and digrei^ fionary narratives, throughout the work, to prevent that dif- gufting uniformity, and to takeoff that unincerefting iocality, which almoft neceifarily refult from the merely private annals of a Angle town.

Chap. I. opens with an aflfertion that ' no doubt has ever been ftartcd concerning the well-known claim of Mancheftcr t.> the character of a Roman ftation,' — under the dcnominatiaa of Mancunium. But the origin of this Mancunium is not, in Mr. Whitaker's opinion, Roman, but Bricifh. This jiame therefore muft probably have been communicated to the f:tc by the Britons, before the Romans conftruSed their ftation upon it; as it fignifies a fortrcfs or town, he fays, in the language from whence it is derived, which (hews the fite of this R% man ffation to have been previoudy the area of « l^ritilh town or fortrcfs. In thcfe cafes, he thinks, the Ro- mans ufually continued the original Britifh names, only foften- ing them to the Roman ear by giving them a Roman termi- nation.— In the prefent Caftle-iicld, the fite of the Roman Caftrum, prcvioufly ftood a Britifli town, diftinguiibed (as . Mr. W, aflcrts} among the Britons of this region b^ tVvt

jO WhitakcrV Hi/l^ry of Manchtfler.

general appellation of Man-cenioit, or the Place of Tcft<r.- — The dimenfions of Mancenion are ftill very difcernible^ having filled the whole area of the prefent Caftle-field, except the low fwampy part of ft on the weft, aino<Unting to up- wards of twelve acres. Terminated by the Medlock on tl»ef fouth, fouth-eaft, and fouth-weft; it was botmded on th6 caft by a foffee, on the weft by the prefent lofty bank, and on the north by a broad ditch. The natural advantages of ther river and the bank would he great inducements to iAtSt this particular fituation ; but the principal one feems to have been» that its pofition on a gentle declivity to the fouth would give its inhabitants the whole refledted warmth of the fun> which the coldnefs of our clinrate required; and, furrounded as the Britifli fortrcflcs then were by the hovering damps of the neighbouring woods, fuch a pofition feems to have been <lic- tated by prudence; and fuch, he adds, were moft of the Bri<* tijQi fortrefles mentioned in the Itinerary of Antoninus* — This feems to have been the ftate of the Britifh Mancenion, and the condition of the country, when the Romans firft advanced into Lancafliire. But in vain did it prefent to their arms the fteep^ mound of its rivulet, the rifing eminence of its bank, or the broad extent of its deep ditch. About the year 79, Juliutf Agricola entered the country at the head of a powerful army, to whom the Siftuntii and their more northern neighbours were obliged, after ^me unavailing efforts, to fubmit.

Chap. 2. The Siduntii of Lancalhire being fubdued in 79, Agricola fet aboat eflablifhing forts, and planting gar** rifons, in I'everal parts of their country; one in p^ticularr at Mancunium. But the area of this Roman caftrum, we are informed, was much fmaller than the compafs of the Britifh town, upon the fite of which it is fuppofed to have been erc6ted: the one containing near 13 acres, and the other in-* eluding little more than five. The ncw-erefted fort, however, retained the name of the old one; Mancenion betn^g only changed into Mancunium.

in this chapter, befide a detail of the manner of conftru(ft-A ing the Roman caftrum in the Caftle-field, as minute and cir* cumftantial as if the Author had fuperintended the workmen, we'have.alfo an account of feveral urns, altars, and coins, that have at diirerent times been found about the ftation ; but few of the latter feem to have been uncommon,

Mr. W. informs us, (chap. 3,) that in the year 1757 the fcience of Roman antiquities ^ received an extraordinary illu- mination' from the difcovery of a work which contains a cu<» rious account of Roman Britain, and exhibits a new Itinerary for the whole of it. And, what enhances the value of the work, this Itinerary is faid to be more ancient than that of

Antonine^

Whiiakcr'i Hijhry of Mancbifler: ^

Antoniae, as well as more cxtenfive and circumftantiaT. Ic appears to have been colleAed, in the fourteenth century, b^ one Richard, a native of Cirencciier, buc a nrunk of Weli:^ minfter. Whence the v(^hole colledion was made v¥e arc noe fuficftBtly informed ; though the itinerary in particular is AiJ,' by Richard bimfelf, to have been collected from feme remains of records drawn up (betwixt the years 138 and 170) by aucha* rity of a Roman general; whom Mr. W. conjcdares to havs been i/ollius Urbicus, governor of Britain under Antoninus Pius.

Thefe invaluable remains were in the moft imminent danger of periihing for ever, bad not Mr. Bertram, an £n^i(h' gentleman, fortunately difcoveved the manufcript at Copenhagen in' 1747^ A copy having been tranfmitted to the late Dr. Stukelcy, he publilned a tranilatioa of the Itinerary part witb a comment, m 1757; and in tho fubfequent year the whole work was printed at Copenhagen, and a few copies fent to England as prefeots.— Our Author having frequently referred, in thc^ courfe of bis work, to this Itinerary of Ricardus Corinenfisy has fubjoined it to his hiftory, together with the parallel parts of Antonine's celebrated Itinerary, that one may illudrate the other. He hath alfo annexed, in diftinft columns, the inodem places correfpondent to each ancient nanie, as ailigned by Gale, Horfeley, and Stukeley.

Under the guidance of Richard's and the other Itinerary, with the occafional affiftance of Ptolemy, the Notitia, and Ravenms, our Author proceeds to- point out the fites of the Roman fbtions in general within the county of Lancafter, and others bordering upon it, as well as to trace the roads which extend betwixt them.

In the hiftory of the Roman people, he remarks, < there are few particulars which fo ftrongly bttray their native grandeur of IbttI, as the roads which they profecuted over all the ample ex- tent of their empire.' Though the Romans, doubtlef&, found many roads previoufly laid out for public ufe, yet thefe, he thinks, were fcarce likely to anfwer all their exigent jes. They therefore conftruSed new ones, two of them indeed in the line of two ancient Britifli ways, (the Watling and Ikcning (Ireets) and perhaps others ; but aH upon plans better calculatc;d for convenience and duration. Mr. W. is of opinion, that thefe loads were not carried on, as is frequently imagined, by the ibldiery, but that the Romans were merely the dire£lors, and that the more laborious employ was impofed upon the natives ; which feems no improbable conje£lure.

It has been queftioned by antiquarians, whether the Na- tions or the roads of the Romans were prior in time. And Aough no determination bath hitherto been given to \Yi\ft 2 queftion^

32 Whitaker'f Hifiory §f Mancbeflen

queftion, jret the decifion of it appears to be very obvious ta Mr. W« who abfolutely affirms^ that * the ftatioDS were £yr-^ tainfy prior ;* and that the roads, being only the channels (rf*- communication between them, could not (well) have been conftruded till after the peace of the country (wherein the fiations were, fixed, probably, during the conqueft of it) was tolerably fettled. The Roman n>ad at the extremity of the Caftle- field, ihe fite 6f ancient Mancunium, < was cut down from the fur£aice to .the bafe, in 1765, and the materials of it, we are told, lay plainly diftinguifhed from the natural eraveL of the ground by the melted bricks and brdceh niilt-ftones which were found incorporated with them* It appeared tQ be conftru£led with a Arong gravel mingled with large boulderai and .rocky fragments. The whole road was about fourteen yards in breadth, and a yard and an half in depth.' — From Mancunium he traces this road to, and determines (what be efteems) the genuine fite of, Cambodunum, originally fixed at Almondbury, and fince removed, by Horfeley, to Gretland- moor. But the former lying, he thinks, too much to the* ibuth, and the latter equally too much to the north, of the vifible Roman road, Mr. W. declares he has at laft been for«> tunate enough to difcover the ground whereon to fettle this long-loft town, which, be . now fixes at a place called Slacks in the townfliip of Longwood, and parifli of Huthersfield, in Yorkfhire. Here he found four dofes called the Yeld Fields, (/. ^. the Eald or old fields) adjoining to the track of the Ro- man road from Mancunium, and at the proper diftance froih thence. In thefe fields many large foundations of buildings have, been difcovered, compofed of ftrong ftone and mortar. Alfo a great quantity of bricks, (apparently Roman) urns^ bones, coins, and feveral other things, particularly a Roman altar, now in Mr. Whitaker's own pofTeiTion, a figure of which, and the infcription, are given in a plate. — >Thefe re« main; appearing to be what he fuppofes, he exultingly concludes, in the genuine fpirit of antiquarianifm, * Thus have we clearly {bund what induftry has vainly toiled, and genius has inefEi^iSlually fchemed, to difcover through the long extent of a century and an half, the real lite of Cambodunum.'

The pofition of Condate hath alfo embarraflTed the antiquar rian critics \ fettled originally at Congleton, it has fince been fixed at or near Northwich ; but, according to this wricei', it was neither at one nor the other, but at Kinderton in Chefhire. For the reafons however of this change, which appear plaufible enough, we muR refer to the work itfelf.

Chap. 5. is employed in pointing out feveral other Roman ftations^ and tracing the roads of communication betwixt them. In thefe refearche^ pur Author fometimes differs froo)

preceding

WhitakcrV Hiflinj of Manchtfter. 3 J

^recedin^ writers : For inftance, though Baxter fuppofcs the PcrtMS Stjluntitrum to have been the mouth of the Merfey, and Stukdey fixes it at the mouth of the Lune, yet Mr. W. deems them both miftaken, and agrees in opinion with Horfeley, that it rauft hire been at the mouth of the Kibble : « And from the great fingufau-ity of the name which the Romans conferred upon ir. The Hakbour of Lancashire, it appears to have been the odly river in the county which was employed as an harbour by diem. Faffing throuen the center of the Sifluntian country, and opening with the largeft mouth into the Tea, the Romans naturally preferred it to the Merfey or the Lune, and made it the one port for the county of Lancafter.' — But it was then, he obferves, a much more confldernble acftuary than it is at preient; for he acknowledges * that it now affords a much worfe harbour' than either of the laft-mentioned rivers.

Chap. 6. opens with the following judicious remarks.-* * Thefe are the Roman roads that courfed from Mancunium to the neighbouring ftations. And fuch as they are, they muft ftare in the great admiration and the high praife which anti- quartans have beftowed upon the roads of the Romans in genc« ral. But furely thofe critics have been too lavifh in their eulogiums upon them. Antiquarianlfm is the younger fifter of biftny, lefs fcdatc and more fanciful, and apt to become ena- moured of the face of time by looking (o frequently upon it. But let not this be the condud of her fobercr difciples. Let not the fenfible antiquarian difgrace himfclf'and his profeflion by admiring greatly what is merely ancient, and by applauding fondly what is only Roman. The pencil of age mav juftly be allowed to throw a fliade of refpedablenefs, and to difFufe even an air of venerablencfs, over the produflions of very ancient ^t* And we may appeal to the native feelings of every fen- fible beholder for the truth of the obi'crvation. Hut. this is all that can be allowed to the mere i;iflucncc of time. And the antiquarian that once overfteps this reafonable limit, facrlHces the dignity of fentiment to the dreams of anciquarianifm, and gi'.'cs up the realities of hiftory for the fahles of imai;ination.'

The Cqftra /Eftiva^ or fummcr-camps of the Romans, were, he obfcrvcs, a requifite addition to their retiuiar fta:ions. * As the latter were generally fixed upon the fouthcrly flope of an bill or bank, they were well calculated for the kecnnefs of ouc winters, and as ill for the warmth of our fummers. The Ro- mans therefore naturally conftrui^ed an additional camp for their ftation in the fummer.* For this purpofc, he fuppofes they neceflarily felc(^ed fomc fitc in the ncignbcurhood of the regular Itation, which was fully open to the north. Such was apparently the general reafon fi)r wh'ch the Romans conftrudcd their fummer«camps, and iuch the general principle upon

RiV. )jj). 1^/2. JJ Y?\uO\

34 Whitaker'j Hijlory of Manchejltr.

which they feleded the proper pofitioos for them^ On (his principle, * a fummer-camp was abfolutcly necefiary at ^^buw cunium, as the warm beams of fummer are uDCommbi^ fer* vid and fcorching upon the flope of the Caftle-field.*— To the queflion, < But where would the Romans moft probably fettle the fummer ftation ?* Mr. W. replies, Its real ute appears to hs^e been pretty near to the rcHular (lation^ about a mile to the north of it, and is nr^w the hte of the Collegiate Church, and other buildings. ^ This (he immediately ados) is infimutf the prtfpereji fite in the vicinity of the town that caQ pretend to attradi the notice of the enquiring antiquarians/ This is abfolutily the only fite in the vicinity of the (Nation that couU pretend to attra£l the notice of the examining Romans/

With refpc£l to the number of troops kept up here, it is fuppofed by Horfcley, ' that the Roman garriCon in Britain, during the fecond, third, and fourth centuries, amounted only to three legions, the fixth Victorious, the twentieth Valeriaa and Victorious, and the fecond Auguflan, and the auxiliaries regularly attendant upon them. And with this fuppofition the Hiftory of Dio, the Geography of Ptolemy, and the Itinerary of Antonine, feem all to concur, as they all mention thdc three and only thefe three legions to be lefident in the iiland. This number of legions, as appears from the complement of a Angle legion during thofe centuries, which was 61 06 foot and 726 horfe, and from the dated pr<>portion of the auxiliary to the legionary troops, which was equal in the infantry and double in the cavalry, muft have contained about 36,600 foot and 6,534 horfe.' — * But, thus confidered, three legions and their auxiliaries are plainly infufficient for the purposes of gar« rifoning the ifland.' The Rations mentioned in the Itineraries arc not fewer than 14c, but rather more, even after the Ro« i|)ans had retired to the valium of Antoninus, and had aban* doned all the ftations from Invernefs to the Friths. But it would be evidently ridiculous to diflribute a body of about 43,000 men into 140 principal ftations, as fuch a diftribution could ^ allot only 307 for a flation, and its attendant caftelleu;' -7-and each ftation is fuf pofed to have had fcvcral fuch depen- diant'Upon it.

flrtie garrifon therefore of each ftation, with its caftellets, Coiild not, Mr. W. thinks, have been lefs than 400 efie£^ive men: and, even upon this diipofition, the total amount would have been 56,000. But ij^iuch greater number probably re- fidcd in- the kingdom, as, during the difperfion of the reft,, fpme confiderable bodies muji have been kept together, the rnore ^e£tually to overawe the conquered Britons within the walls, and the unconquered without. ^ And fuch bodiea, %Aually appear to* have been thus kept tog^ether, one large corpt

l>cing

WhitaterV Htjiory of Manchcfler. 35

teiflg quartered ac York, another at Chefter, and a third at Caerleon in Monmouthfhire. This being the cafe, there mujl Certainly have been more than three legions. within the ifland :' and the pofitive teftimorty of Jofcphus aflurcs us, th:it in the rrign of Vefpafian there were foier. The account of Richard, as well as feveral infcriptions that have been difcovercd, ^nce ^hat there were more afterwards. Infcriptions have been tounJ in Wales which clearly exhibited the name of the tenth legion 5 and to this we may add the feventh, or Claudian >egion, which was fettled iat GlOucefter, where it muji have remained for a toniiderable period, as the town was denominated from it Clau^ Sut/hria, Thus zxtfiue legions difcovered to have been refiJent within the ifland; two additional to the number fuppofcd by Horfeley.

Chap. 7. — * Regularly as the Romans extended t^cir con- quers in the ifland, they appear equally to have erected (larions for themfelves, and to have conftrudted cities for the Hritnns.' — • By this means the progrefs of their arms- was diftindily •marked by the progrefs of cultivation, and the face of the country gradually brightened up, as the line of their conqucfls mdvanced.* — As the Romans prevailed, they carried along with them all the ufcful refinements of civil life. • Thefe they intro- duced, not with the godlike defign of foftening the rough genius of Lahcaftiire, and of difFnfing the fvvccts of focial iappinefs among its inhabitants, but merely to promote the little porpofes of their own felfifh policy. That eternal wif- dom however, which gave all the central regions of the globe to the Romans, and gave them for reafons worthy the great Father of Humanity, direftcd * the low cunnini; of man to his own exalted ends, the higher cultivation of the rational powers* and the better propagation of the fyllem of redeeming benevolence.'

Aericola fubdued Lanca(bire in 79, and immediately or- dered ftationary forts to be crefted. This was neceflarily the firftobjeA of his attention :— The fccond h?.d a dcf'per reach and more permanent confcquences. Aduatcd by principles of policy, he exerted all his addrcfs to invito the Siduntii fromi their original habitations amidft cxtcr.fivc forelis and ma'fhes (where thev mi5»ht have kept up fome kir.d of indepenHency) to a common rcfidencc in tovvn?*, and his aiidrefs picvailed. — Such was the firft commencement of the preftnt towns of Laii- caflllre in general, and of Manrheller in panicu]:^r.

The rife of Manchclier is thus dcrcil-^ed: * The town was originally conftruded, not as the old central parts of it nre now pkntfJ^ at the diftance nearly of a mile from the Caft\c-fic\A, but in the more immediate neighbourhood of the ftation. "No mdiiiao 'bowevcr sWccruins the particuJiir fite. In ihc vicvmtv

D 2 o«

S6 Jones*x Grammar of the Pirpan Languagu

of a great town, and in a multiplicity of commercial avodl* tions, little attention is generally paid to the remains of aati- .quity, or to the whifpers of tradition concerning them/

But there is a Ymall diftrid adjoining to Uie Caftle-field, which is frequently mentioned in records, and denominated Ay)PORT or Old Borough. ' Within the compafs of this dilTriiSl mti/i the town have originally ftood. And a little fold of houfes remains in this diftrid to the prefent period^ which carries, in all the records of the place, the adlual appel- lation of Aldportton, or Old Boroueh-Town : though, ' from fome conftrtkdions made here about forty years ago by a gentleman of the name of Hooper, the old appellation has beea popularly altered into Hooper-ton. On the ground therefore contiguous to thefe houfes mu/i the town have been originally plantid. And betwixt the Caftle-field and the fold is an area of 1 6 or 17 acres, which was certainly the original area of the ancient Manchefter.* — And, as a proof thereof,—* the foil of the fouthern part of this area is abfolutely one great body of adventitious earth, fragments of bricks, pieces of hewn ftones, ard remnants of urns. Huge blocks of a millftone-grit have been recently dug up within the circuit of the area with their mortar* firmly adhering to them: and the whole level of the ground appears to have been traverfed with ftreets of regular pavement in a variety of direSions acrofs it.'—-* Such was the fpot which Agricola feleded for the town of Mancuniuro, And fuch was the commencement of a town that was to be- come fo confpicuous afterwards, to lengthen out into fair ftreets, and to open into graceful fquares, to contain aflembled thoufands within her ample circuit, and to extend her varied commerce beyond the barriers of the ocean/ [To be concluded in our wat/.]

Art, VI. A Grammar of the Perfian Language. By William Jones. Efq; Fellow of Univerfify College, Oxford. 4to. 10 s. 6d. in Boards W. and J. Richardfon. 1771.

MR. Jones obferves, in his preface to this Grammar, that the Perfian language is rich and elegaiu, that it has been fpoken for many ages in the politeft courts of Afia, and that a number of admirable works have been written in it by hidorians, philoibphers, and poets, who found it capable of expreGing, with equal advantage, the moft beautiful and the mod elevated fentimcnts.

* Mort/7r is the name of a warlike inflrument for throwing bombs, but the matter ufed to cement (lones in building (hould be wrote IWort/r.— This remark may perhaps appear trivial to sl common reader i ^i$i A //US ea/jguarian is expelled to attend to fach minutia.

8

Jones'i Grammar of the Ptrftan Language, jy

Every candid Reader may fatisfy himfelf with refpeS to the

truth of (his aflcrtion, by pcrufing a difiertation, lately pub-

jlrflied by tblJ ingenious Writer* on OrUntal Lit/r4ih4re\ and of

Lvrhich we have given a very ample account in the forty-fourth

Dlume of Qur Review, p. 425.

As the Perflan language is nch and etegant, and as the EiiS- m writers have diltinguiihed thtmfelve^ in their Mltorical, bilofophical, and poetical wiitings, it mufl appear Orange to ftany of our Readers that the ftuJy of the Pejfic fliould be I little cultivated at a time when the tailc for general and difi^'u- ifC learning feems fo univerfally to prevail ; and that the lite* iry productions of a celebrated nation ftiould remain in nia- jiufcript, on the (helves of our public libraricSi quite negkded vcn by men of taftc and learning ! Our learned Author has fug^cfted a variety of caufes which ivc concurred to obftrudl the progrcfs of Eaflcrn literature : veryjuftly rcprefents the general ignorance of the Oriental inguages as one great fuurce of the neglect of the Afiatic wri- tt%* borne will not be convinced that there iii any thing va- iibte in tbefe languages, and others diflike chcm btrcaufe they not underhand them* But the moft obvious rcafon for the gle£l of the Perfian tongue» is the great fcarcity of books tiich arc neceflary to be read before the knowledge of it can perfectly acquired. Our Author indeed obfcrvcs, that we ivc many Perfian books prcferved in the different libraries of Europe, but that they are exhibited more as objefls of curiofity ban as fourccs of information ; and are admired like the cha- ftd^ers on a Chinefe fcreen, more for their g:jy colours than for their meaning. What pity ! nay, what a ihame is it, that proper perfons, under public patronage, arc not employed at Oxford and Cambridge, to give us editions ^x\d liberal traofla- tions of the moA valuable and ufeful manufcripis extant in thofe univerfuics.

Thus, while the writings of Greece and Rome a e ftudied, a«d diffufe a general refinement through our part of the world, the works of the Perfians (a nation ccjtiilly diftingui/hed \\\ ancient hlftory) are either wholly unknown to us, or confi- ileicd IS entirely deititute of tailc and Invention. B If is affo remarked by Mr. Jones, that the progrefs of Oricn- Kl literature has not only been checked by the ignorant^ but Bkrwife by thofe of the learned, who have confined iheu fiutlies ■I& the minutiae of verb;i1 criticifin, miftuking reajing for learn- Pug, 'M\d fatisfying themfelves with running over a great num- bcf of manufcripts, in a fuperficial manner, withnuc conde- l^ending to be ftopt by their difficulty, or to dwell upon ihcit. Bpaaty and elegance.

38 Joncs'i Grammar ofth Pirfian Langmge^

He gives due praife indeed to the unwearied induftry c^ thofe who have compiled grammars and di£Uonaries in the* Kaftern languages; but he obferves, tha^ fuch learned, men would have gained an higher reputation if they had contributed, to enlighten the v^ft temple of learning, inftead of fpending; their lives in adorni g only its porticos and avenues. He alfo juftly obferves, that the total inienfibility of commentators and* critics to the beauties of authors they prolefs to illuftrate, )iat contributed not a little to check the prngrefs of Eaftern learn-? ing; and, he adds, ^ it is a circumflance equally unfortunate that men of the mod refined tafte, and the brighteft parts, are. apt to look upon a clofe application to the (ludy of languages ^ as inconfiftent with their fpirit and genius : fp that thq fl^te bf i letters feems to be divided into two claffes, men of learning, who have no tade, and men of tafte who have no learning.' We are afraid that the number of the latter is, greater in the ' prelent age than it was in the laft ; though we muft obferve, at the fame time, that, it had been happy for the republic of . letters, if the literati of the lad age had been as didinguifhea « for their tade as for their learning.

Anothci citufc which, our Author apprehends, has operated . more llrongly than any before mentioned to the prejudice of ^ Oriental literature, is the fmall encouragement whicii. the , princes and nobles of Europe have given to men of letters. * It is an indifputable truth, fays he, that learning will always flpurifh mod where the amplcft rewards arc propofcd to the , indudry of the learned ; and that the mod fhining periods it) : the annals of literature are the reigns of wife and liberal priaccs^ who know that fine writers are the oracles of the world, from- whofc tedimcny every king, datcfman, or hero, mud expeft the cenfnre or approbation of poderity. In the old dates of . Gicece the highed honours were given to poets, philofophers, . and orators; and a fingle city (as an eminent writer * obferves) in the memory of one man produced more numerous and fplen- did monuments of human genius, than m.od other nations have afforded in a courfe of ages/

Here our Author takes occafion to mention, with becoming praife, the munificence and liberality of the Ptolem'-cs in Egypt, , r^f Augiijim in Rome, of the Caliphs in Afia, and of that of the illudrious family o^ Media , who allured to Florence the learned Greeks whom the Turks had driven from their country; ia confequcnce of which, a general light fucceedcd to the gloom which ignorance and fuperdition had fpread over Europe. Our Author laments, however, that this li:;ht fcems to have been

gradually

Joncs'j Grammar of the Peyjian Language. 3^

gradually decaying for the laft century ; he thinks that it grows very fiint in Italy ; that it feems to be wholly extinguiOied in Yiuict ; And that whatever fparks of it remain in other coun- tries, they are confined to the clofets of modeft men, and are not generally feen enough to have their proper influence.

Mr. Jones regrets that the nobles of our days feem to be in- fenfible of the value of learning, and the many advantagies which the ftudy of polite letters would give to pcrfons of emi- nent rank and high employments ; that they facrifice that leifure to unmanly pleaUirrs, or ufelefs diverfions, which they might rationally fpend in the ftudy of police tetters, and in improving their knowledge by convcrfing with the grcateit llatefmcn, ora- tors, and philofophers. He does juflice, at the fame time, to the character of one foreign nobleman : * I take a Angular pleafure, fays he, in confeffing that I am indebted to a foreign nobleman for the little knowledge which I have happened to acquire of the Per(ian language, and that my zeal for the poetry and philology of the Afiatics were owing to his converlation, and to the agreeable correfpondcnce with which he fiill honours ok/

Our Author juftly obferves, that as learning in general has met with little encouragement in the prefent age, ftill lefs may be expeded for that branch of it which lies fo far removed from the common path ; and that if pains and want be the lot of a fcholar, the life of an Oricntalift muft certainly be attended with peculiar hardfbips. In fupport of this remark, he cites the cafe of Meninfki, whofc labour? immortalifed and ruined him : he laments that the celebrated Hyde did not meet widr fuitable encouragement to promote the projefls he had formed for advancing the interefts of Oriental learning, and that the learned Gentius lived obfcurely in Holland, and died in mjfery, Monf. D'Herbelot is indeed an exception, for he was not only entertained in Italy by Ferdinand the Second, duke of Tuf'cany, with that uncommon munificence which always diflin/^uiihcd the family of Medici, but alfo enjoyed the fiuits of his labour, in an honourable and eafy retirement, by means of the iiludrious Colbert ; * but this, adds Mr Jontrs, is a rare example : the other princes of turope have not imitated the duke of Tufcany ; and Chriftian VII. was refcrved to be the protedor of the Eaft- cm mufes in the prefent age/ Thus Orient al learning has been neglefled till their intereft and emolument, as our Author juRIy obferves, pointed out to the nations of Europe the real and folid importance of a competent knowledge of th;: lan- guages of the Eaft.

The Perfian tongue was, by an amazing revolution, intro- duced into India, fo that, at prefenr, it u not only the \j^u- guagc of the courts but nlfo of the mer^iliants in ^^^x pait ol

D 4 l\^fc

40 Jones'^ Gramnar of the Pirfian Language.

the world : hence the importance of the knowledge of the Pbr* fian tongue to the £aft-India Company, and confequentiv ta Great Britain, muft appear in the moft ftriking fight. Tnere are important affairs to be tranfa<3cd between us and nations to whom we were unable to convey our fenuments. The fer- vants of the Company daily received letters which they could not read ; they at the fame time found it tedious, and evea dangerous, to employ the natives as interpreters. Hence thqr difcovered the abfolute neceffity of applying themfelves to the ftudy of the Perfian language. The treachery of Poniapa, the linguift to the Engllfli, during the war in theCaroatic in 1745s plainly demonftrated how neceflary it was for the India Com- pany to have their own fervants acquainted with the languages of India, and particularly the Perfic.

Mr. Jones farther informs us in his preface, < That with a view to facilitate the progrefs of Oriental literature, he had re« diiced to order the following inftrudions for the Perfian lan« guage, which he had colleded feveral years ago ; but would not prefent his Grammar to the public until he had confidem* biy enlarged and improved it.' He modeftly adds, that he luu( endeavoured to lay down the cleared and moft accurate rules which he has illuftrated by fele£t examples from the moft ele- gant writers. In this refpecl undoubtedly he merits the higheft praife and encouragement of the public. It muft be allowed that he has contributed, in a great degree, to facilitate the ac- quificion of the Perfic, by giving a very clear and difti^dl view of its genius and conltitution m the declenfion of nouns, pronouns, and verbs, and bf illuftrating and confirming his rules by examples extraded from a variety of the beft writers in that language. He has particularly (hown the for- mation of the tenfes, and illuftrated their proper fignification by a number of examples from the beft Perfian writers, fo that his Grammar, on this account, muft prove very ufeful to every ftudenc of that language.

He proceeds to give us a rational account of the feeming ir* regularities in the Perfian verbs. The imperative mood, which is often irregular in the modern Perfian was anciently formed

from the infinitive by rejefling the termination ^j<-\{ ieJtrt. * For originally, to ufe his words, all infinitives ended in

(^<3 rUn^ till the Arabs introduced the harfli confonants before that f) liable, which obliged the Perfians, who always afteded a fwectnefs of p'or.ounciation, lo change the old termination

of fome verbs into {^ ten^ and, by degrees, the original infi- nitives grew quite obfolcte : yet they ftill retain the ancient imperatives, and the aorifts which are formed from them.*

The

Jones V Grammar of the Pgrjian Langusii* ^

The Pcrfiauis, in this refpcft, fcem to have followed the man- Ber of the Greets ; for there arc many Greek verbs which J form their firft and fecond futures from old prcfents, not u(ct\ 1 when the Greek language was refined and brought to a ftatc of J perfcAion. Thus trii^w, bibs^ I drink, has its future ira?(rw from J the old verh ir^w\ fo alfo X«pp«F», capisy has A*?^o/xat and | >Xk^»'^ from Atj(3w. Thus» in the ancient language of Perfia, ' there were very few irregularities. The imperative, which is j often irregular in the modern Pcrfian, was anciently formed I from the iiifinitivc by rcjcding, as our Author obfctvesj the I

termination O^-V. itden^ and Is flill formed from the fame an- 1

dent inBnitivc, notwithftanding the modern infinitives differ a I

Kttlc in found from ihem. This fliould be particularly attended I

lo by thofe who would learn this language in a rational and in- ]

[ tcUigiblc manner, as the greater part of the Munfhys, who I

may be their inftruflors, are not only very ignorant of etymo- j

logy« hut alfo of grammar in general. I

^ This remark on the formation of the Pcrfian Imperatives J

■ from an obfoleie verb, will alfo be ufeful to thofe who are cu*- 1

fious in ancient dialeffls, and will enable them to trace out a |

confiderablc part of the old Pcrfian tano;uage» which has the \

I fame relattoa to the modern Perfic as the Saxon has to the £ngU{ht and which, according to Mr. Jones, was fpoken In the days of Xenophon. This is the language into which the fables of Pilp^ii ucre firft tranflatcd from the Indian ^ but as we jcjedted the Saxon alphabet to admit the Roman \ fo the Per- ' liins, when they embraced the religion of Mahomet, adopted v\it characters in which the Koran was written, and incorpo-* ' rated into their language a muhitudc of words and phrafcs.

I In order to facilitate this irregularity in the Pcrfian language, Mr, Jones has divided the irregular verbs into thirteen claires, putting the learner in mind that the old infinitive may be found by adding Q^-V- ^'"^^'» to imperatives, and the aor ills by adding to I hem the perfonal terminations. One of the chief bcautits of the Pcrfian language confifls la the frequent ufc of compound adjeftives, in the variety and • elegance of which it furpafles not only the German and Eng- liftT, but even the Greek, Thclc compounds may be niultr* plied without end, according to the laite and plcafure of the writer, and they are formed cither by a noun and the coniradcd

participle, as 4^-? t^ J<^ del firib, or ^-f^NxJci delfirib^

ETi alluring ; or by prefixing an adjcflivc to a noun, as IffJi*^^ chufhbui, ftvea fmillh^ I or, laftly, by placing one

Jotics'i Grammar 9/ the Piffittn Lmgunir* ■one fubftantivc before another, as y^'^3sXAJ gubytar>

ihitkid.

Our Author hatb obfcrvcti, with grc^t propriety, that fine one of the nouns and a compound word Is often b-irrowed frog the Arabic, a man who willies to read and undcrfland the i\t fian books, ought to have a competent knowledge of botS languages: and he has given a lift of the mod cJeganI com- pounds he could recolle£F, but informs uj that he mu(l expre^JH moA of them in Eoglifti by circumlocutions \ for though >*^H have fome compound epithets, which gtvc a grace to our poetry, yet the crtrnius of our hnguage fcems avcrfe to them*

In this collc£lion of elegant compourK^T-s, Mr» Jones is mort* fnll afid copious than any grammaHan whom we have hsd an' Oftpcrt^tunity ef confuliing ; and he merits due praife for his in- duftfy and taftc in the £xh'ibtiion of them.

He has fubjoiricd a Perfian fable as a pi^axts for this GtaK mar; a literal tranflauon of which he has given, with gran maiical notes on for^c parts of it : and it had un JoubtcJIy bte^ for the intcreft of the learner, that he had added a glouary i ana!yfis of tbe whole parts of fpeech contained in it.

1 he Author profeflcs that he has care fully compared hi work with every coaipofition of the fame naiute tMlt has falle^^ into his hands ; and adds, * though on fo general a fuhjed f muft have made feveral obfcryations whith are common to a!!^ yet I flatter myfelf that my own remarks, the difpofition of thj whole book, and the paifagcs quoted in itj will fufficicntf diftinguiOl it as an oi'iginal p;odu^ion/

In this declaration the learned Author has arrogated nothiii to himfclf but wh^t every candid and intclMgent Itudcl^t of ili Perfian language will chearfullv allow him.

He informs us that his firft defign'wasto prefix to chcGrar mar an account of the Perfian languape, from the time of Xe nophon x^ our days} and to add a copious praxis of tales anct poems cxtra^^ed from the cbfTical wi iters of Pcifu ; but as ihufc sidditlons would have delayed the publication of the Grammar, be thought it more advifablc to rcfcrvc them for a fcparaic lumc, which he promifcs to lay before the public in the courti; of this winter. Every learner of thjs language muft be img lient for this collciftlon^on account of the great fcarcity of Pc fian books ; and we are informed that it ts no where mt eagerly cxpcflcd than by the ftudcnts of the Univcrfity of Edin- burgh, where a regular courfc of k£lurcs is given on the Ara- bic and Perfian languages. The learned world will alfo be obliged to Mr, Jonci fur the General Hilary of Afia, aod an

atccpuni

vo*

lurfe^

Afidi^^ Obfervaii$fuandJfiquirUs. Vol. IV. 43

account of the geography» philofophy, and literature of the £aflern nations.

{^Tobe alluded in our next.']

Kkt. VH. Conclufion of oar Account oi Medical Ohfer^ations and Ic^uirus^ Vol. IV. bcgua in our Review for December, 1771.

WE are now arrived at the XlXth article of this volume, which is, by foTic miftake, printec| as the XVJIIth; and the error continues through all the remaining numbers ; but it is of no confequence. This article is entitled, hnuirks om the V/e of Bal/ams im the Cure of Confumptions^ hj J. Fo- thergill, M. D, F. R. 5. ' An idea, fays Dr. Fothergill, that nil bnlfams arc healing, and that in all ulcers, not excepting thofe of the lungs, they are indi- cated, has fo greaily prevailed, that to doubt of its propriety^ would f«m to betray a want of phyncai knowledge. Yet 1 cannot but fufpecl. nay more than fufped, that this idea has been the means of p.tci pi eating too many of thef^ unhappy invalids prematurely to their grave.'

Tq confirm the propriety of this apprehcnfion, our Author begins with obferving what eiFedts chefc remedies have when . applied externally : he then traces out their feife&s when inter- nally admini(l,.'red ; and thua:'Mkavours to form an impartial judgment of their real virtues. ^

An. XIX.- yi Defence of Sydenham*/ Method of treating the MeaJIes. 2?yThomas.Dickfon, Af. i>. This vindication of Sydenham's practice, with refpeS to blood- letting in the cure of the mcafles, is occafioncd by an uiijiift cenfure thrown out by Mead in his book De Variolis it Aj9rbiliir^ c. vi. p. 89, 90.

Arc. XX. A Defence of Sydenham'/ Hiftory of the Meajlesy agaiufi Morton. By Thomas Dickfon, Af.*Z>. Morton, in the appendix to l^rs Pyretologia^ mentions a fatal . epidemic meaflcs which occurred in the autumnal months of the year 1672, and that about three hundred died weekly.— Sydenham defcribes an epidemic meafles of the years 1670 and 1674, but takes no. notice of any during 1672. It appears highly probable that Morton's is only a hearjay account, and not depending on his own proper obfervation ; and that Syden* ham has given the juft hiftory of this epidemic, as it occurred at different periods.

The two following papers contain the hiftory of an unhappy cafe, in which the Cafarean o^/r^/i^'z was determined upon as the lafi dreadful refource. — The operation was performed ; and the event was fatal. There are added a defcription and engravings of the deformed pelvis, and a general review of the fubjed as (reaied by preceding autbour

44 Msdical Objeroations and Inquiries. Vol. I V.

Act. XXIII. Riomrks •m the Cure •/ Con/uMtioms, h J. Fothef^ilL M.D. F.R.S. There are no cafe» in which the adyke, frinctplus obfla^ h more indifpenfably neceflary, than the confumptive.

* We cannoty fays our Author, I think, be too induftrioas in pro- pagathig the following do^rine : That the time at which a phyficiis* cao be of moft ufe in the cure of confansptions,' is at their firft be- planing. The flighted catarrhal deflii^on ought not to be Mg- k^ed, if it does not go off in a few days.— *-

* 1 know, gentlemen, that you, as well as myfelf, often have oc- . cafton to look back at the fatal negled, committed both hy the fick ' tbemfelves, as well as thofe who ought to have had their fttnra heakh more at heart. With what eafe would many of the moft in- curable confumpave cafes have been prevented, or cured, at their firi! commencement ? A perfon whofe emaciated figure fbikes one with horror, his forehead covered wkh drops of fweat, his cheeks painted with a livid crimfon, his eyes funk, all the little fat that laifed them in their orbits, and every where ehe, being wafted ; hit pttlfe quick and tremulous, his nails bending over the ends of his fogers, and the palms of his hands as dry as they are psonfolly hot to the touch, his breath ofRmfive, quick, and laborious, his cough ' inceffant, fearce allowing him time to tell us, that fome months ago \t go€ a cold, but he knew, perhaps, how he got it ; he negledra %t for this very reafon, and negleded t^icTy means of afliftance, till the milchief was become incurabl^^d fcarcely a hope left of pal- liation. You fee multitudes of fu wubbjedls daily, and fee them with a mixture of anger and companion for their neglect and their fy^^n .' icrings.*

We have in this pajser fome ufeful obfervations, both with refpetEl t9 the manner of diftinguifhing and the method of treats iog a fecent pulmonary affedlion. AiCf XX|V. J^n Account of a late tpidemical Diftemper^ extraQed frem

a letter rnddnjeii to Gedaey Clarke, Efyi ^William Sandiford,

J(f. £). ^Barbadees.

This epidemic was a putrid remitting fever, which prevailed in the ifland of Barbadoea, during the months of May ^ J^^^^^ > and July^ of the year 1769,— Our Author gives a plain and pertinent defcriptiun of the difeafe ; and his method of cure ap- pears to have been judicious and fuccefsful. — His obferva- tions coincide with thofe of Sir John Pringle, who has treated this fubjed more at large. Dr. Sandiford thus briefly points out the external caufes of this epidemic :

* It may, however, not be unworthy notice, that for thefe two years laft paft, it has been remarkably warm and moift in this ifland : that great quanticies of rain have fallen : that the days have been very hot and fultry, whilft the nights have been fo damp and chilK as to (Irike perfons with great coldneffes and fhiverings who have been expoied to them: that moft of thofe who have been at- > tacked with this fever, were fuch as lived in the lowell and moift ii- tuauons ; in places thick befec with treesa and furrounded with wa*

ter.

MiSctil Ohfirvatimtt atdlnquirus. VoL IV. 4J

ter. Mid wkefe the fpriags lay neareft to the farfaccr: that fifhermei*^ and fuch as were mofk expoled to the cold and. moilhieis, as aiib» thoie of the weakeft and moft lax conftitutions, were particalarif obje^ of it. In all the epidemics, as they have of lace ieverallf obrained here, there was ever to be obferved fomething of a putre* £idive tendency/

Art. XXV. ApfinJix f m Paper «« the Hydrocephalas Intenms^ iy William Watfon, M. D. F. H. $.

This appendix contains another hiftory of a fuppoied hjtlro^ cephalus internus. — An healthy boy, of fix years» received a itoart blow from a ftone oA the top of the head. About a fortnight after this, a very dangerous difeafe fuccceded ; from which the patient at laft recovered. It does not however ap- pear quite certain that this was a cafe of the hydrocephalus ii>- ternus ; for all the fymptoms here mentioned might arife froai an injury of the brain, or its membranes, without there bcua^ any cxtravafation. Art. XXVI. Jn Extras o/a Letttr from Dr. Willhim Thomfon, P/j^

£mm mt Worccfter, to William Hanter, M^ D, giving an Jcccunt <f

m fatol Ejffujidn of BUcd into tbi Cofuitf nftbt Pericardium.

It is very probable that this extravaiation wa^s flow and gra- dual, both from the length of time which the patient lived af- ter the oppreifive fymptbms came on, and from there being n« rupture difcoverable by an attentive infpsdiion of the parts* The heart was remarkably pale and flaccid. Art. XXVir. An Jcccunt of the good Effeds of dividing the Aponearfv*

fis of the Biceps Mulclc, in a painjul lacerated f^Vomndy iy Mr, B.

Wilmer, Surgeon at Stony Stratford, in a Lfiter tc Dr. Hwr>ter.

This wound was a little above the inner condyle of the £«• merus. The fafcia of the biceps mufclc wias lacerated, and acled as a tight and painful bandage upon the wounded parts: As foon as this fafcia was fufliciently divided, the flridure was removed, and the unfavourable fymptoms difappeared. Art. XXVill, An Ohfervation on the Inftnfibiltty of Tendons, hy Mr, JohnTcckel, Surgeon ; *with an Introdutlion by Dr, Hunter.

• A labouring man, rervanflo Henry Bates near Bovintong, in Buc'cinghamthire, by feme accident in loading a cart, cut oft*, the ends of the middle and ring fingers ; the lutt^r in fuch a manner, that about half an inch of the tendon of the perfrani projeftsd. in this condition I fa-.c him, about ten minutes atcer the accident.

* it immediately occurred to me, that I no^ had a fine opportu- nity to convince myfclf of the truth or fallacy of your opinion con- cerning the inl<:nfibility of tendons, &c, I therefore pafTed a piece of firing, about the fize of the tendon, round his wrilc, from thence brought, it about the injured finger, and placed it io fuch a m;in- ner, as to make it projeA parallel to, and beyond the /lamp, of equal length with the expofcd tendon. 1 then told my patient that 1 intended to cut the one or the other of thefe projefling parts, with my fcifTjrs, while he fhould.turn his head away ; but he w&s to le.'J nc which I cut, without feeing what was done. He laughed, and

ak(;d

^ •/fi mi£ta! Xyhfif-vatisns and Inquirhs, Vol. H^.

\ ^flccd fflc whether I thought he had no feeling ; however, lie cottf* plied, I then divided the tendon with my fciiiars : he was sJkcd . ^hich I had cut; he anfwercd, " the iiring ;" but when he turned ^ Jtu head around, and fouDd it was aduajly ihe tendon, he was mach furprifcd that he had felt no pain ; and when I talked to him after- wards, he declared he felt not the kail pain, and abfoJutd/ thoughc J had cwt the (Iring only/

Let it be remembered, that many p.^rts are infenfjblc in the iiolthyf which acquire a very exquihte fenfibility in the difeaftd dilate.

. Art, XXIX. An Accmnt of a fucctfsful MetM eftrmtin^ fire Le^s, fy f Mr, Jofeph Elfc, Surgeon to Sf. Thomas x Hnjpital,

This method is fo exceedingly efficacious, that Mr, Elfe fays^ it will feldom fail where there is not a carious bone.^-Thc mc* ihod is tbis :

* The firft thing we do, if the ulcer be foul, is, to endeavour to 'make it clean, by the application of a bread and milk, or ibmc other emollient poultice. When we have obtained this end, we apply ^ linen cloth moiilencd with tindure of myrrh or- Gou/ar J' $ eau v/^r- iau mimrah^ ai from experiment we may find bell to agree. If ihefe fhould give pain, we then firil apply dry linr, and upon that a piece of cloth fpread with the teratum iptthticMm, or lerittum mham^ Over this we lay a very thin plate of lead, cut to the Jigure of the fore, Ind juft large enough to cover its edges. This is fecured upon the part with a bandage drawn as tight ai the patient can bear it, even fo as to make the leg feel numb, which is rolled from the toes to above the knee. In proportion as the fore contrat^s we leflcn the iize of the plate. When the patients are well, we recommend it to ihem for the future, to keep the leg confiantfy rolled tight in the day-time,

* Now, though this method be exceedingly efficacioui, yet it is not mithout its diladv^intages, I have faid that it is fomctimes dange- rous to heal thofe old fores : when, therefore, frojii the long con- tinuance of this driiin, or from the bad habit of body, we apprehend ill confcqucnccs from healing the ulcer, we content ourleivcs with bringing it into a better condition, and with keeping it lo, by a

I judicious application of ihe bandage. Even where we have no great fears about healing the ulcer, it may be prudent to advifc an iflue in the other leg, to order now and then a dofe of fomc laxative me- didne, and to confine the patient to a fpare diet for fomc lime after the fore is well. But if, notwithllanding thcfe precautions, any ^i^- ©rdcr (hould fupcrvenc, which may be imputed to the healing of the ulcer (fuch as pulmonic complaints, which are the moil frc» quent) we immediately endeavour to open the fore again.'

I Art XXX. An umommon Cafe of a fatal Hernia, hy Mr. Jofeph Elfe, Surg€CH to Sr* Thomas 'j HofpitaL From this hiftory and dillVdion we learn, that a fatal ftran- gulation may happen, though the whole circumference of the gut is not inclofed in the Hriclure \ and thut where only a very fmall portion of the inteflioe ha^dtfccndcJ, an hernia may

be

Medical Ohfevvaiions and tniuhus. Vol. IV. 4y

be formed, and yet the external appearances be either very in*

confiderable or none at all.

Art. XXXI. An jfcceitnt of the EfeSls of the Cicuta, and a Carrot P$ul*

fid mfcn a Cmm er of the 'Breajl^ in a Letter from Arthur NicoifoDt

hU A fhyfidan at Berwick, to Richard.Huck, M. A S. R, S.

This was undoubtedly a genuine cancer of the breaft. Tlie carrot rouhice was firft applied alone, and afterwards joined with the boiled tops of the cicuta j and with fuch good QfFedl, that tlie cancerous cavity was filled up, and the ckatrix ad- vanced fu far, that from a fore four inches broad, and two inches deep, it, in the fpace of fix weeks, would not receive an al- tnond. But foon after the ulcer was brought into this ftatc, behold the cataftrophe !

• She was fetzed with violent fits of anxiety, orthopnceaj globus hj/terieus^ and the moft horrid ftridor dentium I had ever heard ; fo that I really thought her teeth mull have been ground to pieces. When fhe recovered from the fit, (he faid this grinding of her teeth was to keep down the lump in her throat. Thcfe fits were fo fevere, that we often thought her expiring. They lailcd for a itw hours at firft, but increafed gradually in lengch, till the 15th of February, when Ihe died in one of them.'

Is there not fome little degree of probability that thefe fatal appearances might be the eie<Sls of a meiajlafis^ in confequencc of thedifcafed part being brought into a healing (late? This, however, could be no obje£tion to the ufe of the remedies ; for had the difeafe been left to itfelf, it muft nccelTarily have proved irortal. Art. XXXII. Ah Account of the Vfefulnefs of Wort in fome ilUconditicned

Ulcers^ in a Z,r//^r /r^/« Benjamin Rufh, hLD. Profejfor of Clj»

miftrj in the College ^Philadelphia, to Dr. Huck.

The great efficacy of tuort^ as an alterative, has frequently been pointed out, and is confirmed by the cafes here related. Art. XXXm. Cafe of an incifted Tumor in the Orbit of the Eye, cured hyMeffn, Bromfield ««</ Ingram* Surgeons in London.

This cure was performed by evacuating the fluid, extrafling the cyft, and afterwards treating it as a common fuperficial wound. — A fimilar cafe is related by St. Yves.

The two fuccecding papers contain two hiftories, which are a faitsfa£tory conf'.rmation of what has been very ufefully and ingenioufly fuggcfled by Dr. Hunter, in the preceding volumes of thcfe Obfervations, concerning the ar.euryfmal varix.

In the next article, Mr. Lynn gives us the hiftory of a retro^ verted utirus, accompanied with Tome important obfervations by Dr. Hunter. In this difeafe the gravid uterus falls back- wards into the pelvis, and is lodged witii its fundus down- wards between the return and vagina. Dr. Hunter hjs feen fc veral of thefe cafvs, and they all occurred about the third month of pregnancy. When taken early, the uterus may eafWy be

tcftotc4

48 Ptnnant V T^irr in Scotland in 1 769.

reflored to its natural pofition ; but if allowed to remain tilf tbe impregnated uterus is fo much enlarged,. as to be locked within the grafp of the pelWs, no efiedual relief can be ad« HiinifteredL

Art. XXXVn. and lad. Am Acc9unt ofajimfti Fraaun tf tbt Tibia ina^npumt Woman^ in nuhicb Cafi tbg Callns 'was not fwrmtd titt^ €tfiir Dili'verj : By Mr, Edward Allanfony Snrgeon at LiveqpooL The contents of this paper merit the attention, both of the phyfiologift and of the pradical furgeon.

Ili^ !■! 11 ■■ ■■■■■H...I.I —

Art. Vra. J Tour in Scotland. MDCC LXIX. 8vo. ;•• 6d. Cheder printed, and fold by White in London. 1771.

WE have, on fcveral occadons, with pleafure recom* mended the works of this eminent naturaliS, to the notice of our Readers, His Britifli Zoology, and SynopGs of Quadrupeds, are now become very generally known, and 4^- fervedly efteemed : but if any perufer of this article is unac- quainted with thofe ingenious and enteruining produSlions, we refer him to the works themfelves, or to what we have faid of them in the 39th volume of our Review, p. 403, and in our number for Odtoberlaft, p. 328.

Mr. Pennant takes his departure^ from Downing, in Flint* fliire, the place of his abode, and begins his defcriptions with that of Chefter, where the narrative of his Tour properly commences. Hence the courfe of his Itinerary carries him through the counties of Derby» Lincoln, and York, the biihoprick of Durham, Newcaftle, Northumberland, and fo on to Berwick, and to Scotland ; giving an account of every town, ^nd place of note, or objed of curiofity, that lay in his rout; or that he thought it worth his while to quit the dired line of hia way to vifit. And as he undertook this Journey from only the, laudable view of perfecting his Britifli Zoology, by an adual vifit to a part of the ifland which he had noc feen, he was in no difpofitiqn to injure his dcfign by hurrying along, after the manner of thofe who make tours for pleafure and improvemont^ as though they were riding exprefs.

It has, for a few years paft, been the fafliion, with a pa» pular party in this kingdom, to ridicule and vilify the Scots and Scotland, in the keeneft and grofleft manner ; but more di(honourabIe, however, to the abofers than the abufed. The natives of North Britain have been reprefented — we need not fay how they have been reprefented ; — and the country itfelf defcribed as the feat of indigence and mifery ; as (in the ftrong cxpreffion of the acrimonious Churchill) the land

" Where half-ftarvM fpiders feed on half-ftarvM flies/'

* lu tbe month of Jane.

But

Feiitiant*i 3W- in S^nland in 1 769. 4^

But the lAore candid, the more gentlemanlike writer of the preientTour, gives us a very different idea both of the people and of the country, in general ; Jo different, indeed, that the penilil of bis book is fufficient to excite, an earned defire in his readers to make the fame excurfion ; and we are verily i>er- fuaded that it will produce that effedi : to the mutual ad- nsxtkgt^ perhaps^ of b(,th nations :^( the diftin£iion be ftill al- lowable.

ItUy however, certain, that North (as well as South) Bri- tain wore a face, a century, or half a century, acn, very dif* knvx from that which the benevolent citizen of the world will behold with pleafure, in thefe more flouriQiing days. But al- though the cave of Poverty might formerly be found in the bkak reccfics of Scotland, 'we can no longer trace, even there, the abode of the hungry godde fs, fmce Freedom and Trade hare baniihed thence the infeparable companions Slavery and Skth. •' Rich Induftry," as Pope happily exprcifes it, '* now fits fmiling" on thofe plains^ where once only Want was to be iecn \ her keen eye, and meagre vifage, fcowling toward the happier South, with a prepofterous mixtuie of envy and dif- dain.

But kt us attend our ingenious Traveller, now arrived at the borders of Scotland, and proceeding in the road from Berwick to Dunbar — ^ The entrance into Scotland, fays he, has a very unpromifiog look; for it wanted, for fome miles, the cultivation of the parts more diftant from England : but the borders were neceflarily neglected ; for, till the acceffion of James VI. and even long after, the national enmity was kept up, and the borderers of both countries difcouragco from im- provement, by the barbarous inroads of each nation. This in- mttention to agriculture continued till lately; but on reaching the fmall village of Eytown, the fccne was greatly altered ; the wretched cottages, or rather hovels of the country, were va- aifliing; good comfortable houfes arifc in their ftead ; the lands are inclofinjg, and yield very good barley, oats, and clo- ver; the banks are planting : I fpeak in the prefent tenfe ; fot there is ftill a mixture of the old neglii;encc left amidft the re- cent improvements, which look like the works of a new colony in a wretched impoveriibed country/

After defcribing Coldingham, Dunbar, and that tremendous rock the Bafs Ifle, &c. and not overlooking the Solan geefe which fwarm fo wonderfully at the lafl-naaicJ place, we ar- rive St Edinburgh. Of this capital we have en entertaining account; thecaftle, the refervoir, the advocute^s library. Holy- rood- boufe, Herriot's hofpital, the college, the infirmary, the Rbv. Jan. 1772. £ buUuv^

50 P^hnantV Tour In Scotland In l^fsg*

botanic garden, the public walks, \\it mw town*^ iic. hcltlg the principal obje(£)s in detail. The new town lies on the north fide of the old city, to which ft is conneded by a very beautiful bridge, whofe principal arch is 95 feet high. In the neighbourhood of Edinburgh, befide the town of Leith, is fi«* tuated, I. Newbottle, the feat of the Marquis of Lothian, where our Author faw many valuable pidu res, . which he de- fcribcs ; II. Dalkciih-houfe, the fcatof theDuke of Buccleugh, where i^ alio a numerous collection of portraits by Vandyke, Holbtin, and other maflers ; III. Smeton, another feat belong- ing to the Duke of Buccieugh ; but of this laft ediiice the Au- thor takes no other notice than merely mentioning three pic« tures in it.

Leaving Edinburgh, he fpeaks of the country through which he pafled as well cultivated. The fields, he fays, are large, but moftly inclofed with ftone walls. Hedges, he Qbferves, are not yet become univerfal in this part of the kingdom ; it not being a century fince they were known here. V^e are not fur- prized to hear this account of the Jione hedges of Scotland, as they are dill almoft the only fences we meet with in the moor-. lands of StaiFord(hire, ancf on the hills of Derbyfhire; and farther northward, long before we reach the Tweed, they are yet more commonly to be feen : affording but a barren and cheerlefs view to the eye of the traveHer, accuftomed to the richer fcenery of the more cultivated parts which lie tovrard the warmer end of the ifland.

The country (Fifcfhirc) as far as Kinrofs, Mr. P. fays, ia' very fine, confifting of gentle rifings : much corn, but few trees, except about a gentleman's feat called Blair, where are great and flourifliing plantations. And we rejoice to find that the fpirit of planting is fo generally and laudably difFufed through almoft every part of North Britain : of which our poflerity will amply enjoy the advantages.

After defcribing Kinrofs houfe, built by the famous architefi/ Sir William Bruce; and alfo that magnificent piece of water. Lough I^ven ; the fi(b, the birds, the rumbling brig at Glen- dow, and Cawdron Glen, we arrive at Caftle Campbell : which our Author thus piiiur'tfes : — ^ It is feated on a (leep peninfulated rock, between vaft mountains, having to the South a boundlefs view through a deep glen (hagged with brufh wood ; for the foreils that once covered the country are now entirely deflroyed.

* A large and magnificent addition to this city, in which the houfes are all built on the modern plans of elegance and convenience.

S Formerly,

PennantV Tour in Scot/and in 1769* 51

Formerly,' from its darkfome fituation, this pile was called the caftle of G/oGmi and all the hames of the adjacent places were fuitable: it was feated in the pariOi of Dolor, was bounded by the glens of Carey and waihed by the birns of Sorrow. This caftif, with the whole territory belonging to the family of Ar- gyle, underwent all the calamities of civil war in 1645 ; for its rival, the Marquis of Montrofe, carried fire and fword through the whole eftate. The caftle was ruined ; and its magnificent reliques exift, as a monument of the horror of the times. No wonaer then that the Marquis experienced fo woeful and igno* minious a fate, when he fell into the power of fo exafperated a c!>ieftain/ '

Before bf arrives at Perth, he mentions Ochil hills, * whofe fides were covered with a fine verdure, and fed great numbers of cattle and (heep. The country below full of oats, and in a very improving ftate : the houfes of the comrtlon people de- cent, but moftly covered with fods ; fome were covered both with ftraw and fod. The inhabitants extremely civil, and never failed oftering brandy, or whey, when I flopt to make enquiries at any of their houfes.

^ In the afternoon crofied a branch of the fame h!IIs, which 3nelded plenty of oats ; defcended into Straith-carn, a beautiful vale, about thirty miles in length, full of rich meadows and corn fields, divided by the river Earn, which fcrpentines finely through the middle, falling into the Tay, of which there is a fight at the eaft end of the vale. It is prettily diverflfied with groves of trees' and gentlemen's houfes ; among which, to- wards the weft end, is Caftle Drummond, the forfeited feat of the Earl of Perth.

* Caftle Duplin; the refidence of the Earl of Kin noul, feated on the north fide of the vale, on the edge of a fteep glen. Only a fingle tower remains of the old caftle, the reft being

I. modernized. The front commands a pleafing view of the vale ; behind are plantations, extending feveral miles in length ; all flouriOi greatly, except thofe of afh. I remarked in the woods, Ibme very large chefnuts, horfe-chefnuts, fpruce and filver firs, cedar and arbor vitae. Broad leaved labernum thrives in this country greatly, grows to a great fize, and the wood is ufed in fineering.

* Fruits fucceed hcr.e very indifferently ; even nonpareils re- quire a wall to ripen : grapes, figs, and late peaches, will not ripen : the winjers begin early and emi late, and are attended with very high winds. I was informed that labour is dear here, noiwithftanding it is only eight-pence a-day; the com- mon people not being yet got into a method of working, fo do ▼ery little for their wages. Notwirhftanding this, Vrnptwe- mtDtM Mre carried on in thcfc parts with great fpirvt, WVv vfk

£ 2 ^\^x^\^vi%

52 Pennanfi Tour in Scotland in 1769.

planting and in agriculture. Lord Kinnoul planted lafl year not fewer than eighty thou(and trees, befides Scotch firs ; fo prpvicies future forefts for the benefit of his fucceflbrs, and the embellifliment of bis country. In refpedl to agriculture, thece are difficulties to ftruggle with ; for the country is without either coal or lime-ftone; fo that the lime is brought from the ettate of the Earl of Elgin, near Dumferline, who, I was told, drew a confiderable revenue from the kilns.'

Our Author gives an account of the paintings at Cafile Dup-. lin ; after which, afcending the hill of Moncrief, he gives us from thence a profpedi which, from the variety and richnefs oC its fcenery, he ftyles the Glory of Scotland. * On the South and Weft, fays he, appear Straith-earn, embelliflicd with the feats of Lord KiQnoul, Lord Rollo, and of feveral other geDtlemen^ the Carfe, or rich plain of Gowrie, Stormont hills, and the bill of Kinnoul, whofe vaft cliff is remarkable for its beautiful pebbles. The meanders of the Earn, which winds more than any river I at this time had feen, are mod enlivening additions to the fcene. The lafl: turn it takes forms a fine peninfuU prettily planted, and juft beyond it joins the Tay>, wbofe aeftuary lies full in view, the fca clcjfing the profpedl on this fide.

* To the North lies the town of Perth, with a view of pait of its magnificent bridge; which, with the fine woods cailled Perth Parks, the vaft plain of Straith-Tay, the winding of that noble river, its iflands, and the grand boundary, formed by the diftant highlands, finifh this matchlefs icenc. The inhabi- tants of Perth are far from being blind to the beauties of their river \ for which fingular pleafure they relate the tradition of the Roman army, when it came in fight of the Tay, burfling into the exclamation of, Ecce Tiberim.

* On approaching the town are fome pretty walks hand- fomely planted, and at a fmall diftance, the remains of fomo works of Cromwell, called 01ivcr*s Mount.

* Perth is large, and in general well built ; two of the ftrects are remarkably fine ; in fome of the leffcr arc yet a few wooden boufes in the old ftyle ; but as they decay, the magiftrates pro^ bibit the rebuilding them in the old way. There is but one pari(h, which has two churches, befides meetings for feparatifts, who are veiy numerous. One church, which belonged to a monaftery, ia very ancient : not a veftigp of the laft is now to be feen ; for the difciples of that rough apoftle Knox made a general defolation of every edifice that had given (belter 10 the worfhippers of the church of Rome ; it being one of his maxims^ to pull down the nefis, and the rooks would fly away.

^ The flouriOiing ftate of Perth is owing to two accidents : the firft, that of numbers of CromwelTs wounded officers and foUicrs chuUng to rcfide here, «ftef he left ihe kingdom, who

Liitirs of ihi Alarchiomfi of Pompadour. 5 3

introduced a fpirit of induftry among the people : the other caufe was the long continuance of the Earl of Mar's army hefe in 17159 whicB occafioned vad Turns of money being fpent in the place : but this town, as well as all Scotland, dates its pro- fperity from the year 174S» ^^^ government of this part df Great Britain having never been fettled till a little after that time. The rebellion was a diforder violent in its operation^ but falutary in its effefis.

* The trade of Perth is confiderable : it exports annually one hundred and fifty thoufand pounds worth of linen> ten thoufand of wheat and barley, and about the fame in cured falmon. That fi(h is taken there in vaft abundance; three thoufand have been caught in one morning, weighing, one with another, fixteen pounds ; the whole capture, forty-eight thoufand pounds. The fifhery begins at St. Andrew's day, and ends Auguft a6th, old ftylc. The rents of the fiflieries amount to three thoufand pounds per annum.

*' I was informed that fmclis come up this river in May and June.

* There has been in thefe parts a very great fifliery of pearl, got out of the frefli-water mufcles. From the year 1761 to 1764, 10,000 1. worth were fenc to London, and fold frona 10 s. to 1 1. 16 s. per ounce. I was told that a pearl has been taken there that weighed 33 grains ; but this £{bery is at pre- fent exbaufted, from the avarice of the undertakers.'

[7i be ccminuid.li

Art. IX. Letters of the Marcbiont/s of Pompadour ^ from 1753 to lyOz, inelufi've. Small ijvo. 2 Vols. 5 s. fewed. Owen, &c. 177*.

THE Editor, who is alfo the Tranflatpr of thefe Letters, publifhes them as genuine ; declaring that he purchafed the authenticated copies of them, • of the executor to the Mar- chionefs's fecretary, who died lately at Amllcrdam, and who, for whatever reafons of delicacy, had forborn their publica- tion*.*— We have. our fufpicions, however, although we are unable to prove the negative of this aflerted authenticity ; but the Tranflator's afErmative, too, vyants proof. He appeals to no witnefs, he mentions no authority (befide that of a namelefs executor of a namelefs fecretary) nor does he even give us the fanflion of his own name. Does he refer us to internal evi- dence ? There is not a fufficiency of it to convince the mfidd Reviewers, as they are fometimes fagacioufly and candidly ft}'!cd. We had, on the contrary, among ether qucftionable palfages, remarked the fufpicious anecdote in nnc of thefe Let- ■ I ■■ ■ . ■ ■ i .11 I... I I ^ . <

* The originals, in French, were publiHicd at the fame iLcue wuti the EogliOi.

54 Litiers Qfihe Marchlonefs of Pompadour. ^

ten, of 2, jolly travelling Duchefs, by whom ber Grace of N, '• feems to be meant, and whofe travels, as a Ducbefs^ did not commence till after Madame de P/s deceafe : but we were an« ticipated in regard to this circumftance, by a critic * in a pub- lic paper; to whom, and to his anfwcrer, we refer the final adjuftment of this myderious particular.

We grant, however, that if thcfe Letters are forged, they arc wrought by the hand of an artift ; that the workmanihip is rare; and that if it be not the manufadure of the perfon whofe name is ftamped upon it, it may, perchance, htfometHing better. But, it will be faid, that '* excellence is not here the point, nor any of the requifites of perfedtion in epift^lary writing; that we have no idea of Madame de Pompadour in a literary capacity, hut 2S z Jiatefwoman (pardon the exprcflion^ ye who guide the helms of empires and kingdoms !) as the mifinji^tytn in thc/uperior fenfe of the word, of a mighty monarch, and as the arbitrcfs, in a great meafure, of the fate of Europe, far many years ; that the remarks and fentiments of a perfon thus loftily fituated, would, no doubt, greatly gratify the curiofity of the political world, who will be eager to know what fecrets, what hints, or what anecdotes (he may have thought proper to communicate to her confidants ; that thcfe, in whatever terms conveyed, if well auth€niicated^ will, piincipally, be the obje£ts of attention with the inquifitive public : and that the grand queftion will be. Does the elevated Dame vouchfafe to open the door of the cabinet, or even fhew us but a crevice through which we may gain an infight of what pafl'es there ?" — The queftion is already anfwered.-^-As nothing is authenticated, whatever we fee may he all a deceptio vifus^ or mere gallanty- fhew, — As fuch, therefore, we leave it, for the amufcment of the young people in the republic of Letters ; who, we doubt not, will readily acquiefce in the Editor's opinion, that in thef^; little volumes we may trace the great charadcr of Madame de Pompadour : * Her ardour for her country, her fondnefs for her friends, her 9fCa] as well as ability to promote merit and pa* tronize genius, tp provide for the uiiprovided, and to protect virtue.'

We {hall likewife tranfcribe the Editor's fine difplay of the beauties of ilyle and nianner difcoverable in thefe Letters ; in which there is fome truth, though allowance mud be made for fhe warmth of commendation with which a vender is allowed to fet off the value of the commodity in which he d^als :

• That critic was anfwcrcd by another writer, who docs not ad- mit that the identy of the Duchefs mendoned in the letter, is fuf- iciently poino^ ou; to julUfy the critic's application of the anec- flpte, ^ .

\ Thef^

LiUtrs ofihi Mardhmfi of Pompadour* 55

efe epiftlcs, — as cafy as ever flowed from human pen, are

eich perhaps as accurate a httic effay as, without OiaJow of me**

thgd, ever took thccpiftolary form ; nor, though v i fib) y unintended

/eithe public eye, arc they the lefs impregnated with native wit,

rfjf Icfs fwcetcned with delicacy of fentiment. No wonder then

I jf their ilytc be cafy as it is natural, and elegant as it is eafy ;

\M each letter be a model in matter and manner, with due zU

iJowancc to patriot-partialiiy ; nay if the very turn of the origi*

I j;al remain with the thought, unviolated in the verfion/

After fo much encomium, fomc fpccimen may be thought ne- cffiry J and we Ihall give the wcil^written letter to Mr. Vol- ajre, on the famous fubjciSt of the fuffcrings infii^Sed by bigotry 1 the Calas family*

* I thank you much for the book you fcnt me ; every thing It is beautiful, everything true; and you are always the xft man in the world for writing and for thinking. You have U rcafon to preach toleration j but the iirnorant cannot, and be hypocrites will not underOand you. When ihz execurion the unfortunate Galas was mentioned to me, 1 thought at tb£ fccne had pafled among cannibals : but I was toid it juft happened among the ravages of Touloufc, in a city rbcre the holy inquifition has been founded ; and I no longer rendered. I read fome pafTages of your wr»rk to the king, who ras touched with them* He is firmly rcfolvcd to avenge and tftore the memory at leaft of that venerable old man : for my irt, I (hould not be forry that his judges were fent 10 the Jlcys. The good town of Touloufc is faid to be wondrous Yout : God prcferve me frotii ever being devout in fuch nnef !

To feturn to iih fo much fpirit at your

nd ; great is the need : 9s for me, I fliall not ceafe to read and to admire you. Somebody had the infolencc t'other day addrefs to me verfcs moft injurious tg the king and to my fclf. ne perfon would infift that it wa.^ you who bad written them. fetorted that they could not be yours, becaufe they were bad , and becaufe I had never done you any harm; you thus what I think at once of your genius and your juflicc, I illlngly forgive my own enemies, but do not lb eafily forgive c cncmiet of his majciiy j nor fliould [ greatly grieve, if the author of ttjofc hmt verfcs were to fpend fome time at Bicctre^ mourn his fins, his calumnies, and his poetry together. ' Is it true thst you have been dangeroiifly ill, and received facramrnt with an exeinplary devotion ? The h*xvni-x piece new* I leafnt with concern, the latter with faiisfaclion ; be- lt confirms me In the gooil opinion I ever cntcn2L\t\^ kH ibe fcQie of£cI%hn. Yci do what you wU\, ^ou t\tMtt E 4 Vi'^i"^

you, my dear fir; is it pofllble to write on t at your ajje ? Continue to irjftruft man-

I

56 BofTu'i Travils through Louifiaiia.

will (but the mouths of yourdefpicablc, but dangeroiis enemies, Mf • d'Argouge dropt on the fubjedl : Ah / the &U finmr : hi MiV£r belttvn in God^ but whin hi has the fiVir. I rated him ibundly, -declaring that there was neither truth nor charity in fttch infmuacion. Farewell) my Phebus ; the good accounts I have of your health are fupremely pleafing : my pleafure were complete^ could I do you any, and fee France in better con? dition.*

The Letter- writer, — whoever the Writer may really be,— appears, every where, an admirer of M. de Voltaire, to an c:?- ccis that does not, we apprehend, in all refpe£^s, coincide with the indifferent terms on which this celebrated genius hs^th, for fo many years, remained, with the court of his natural prince.

Art. X, Travels tbrcugh that fart of Norib Atnerica fomurfy cmBe4 LcHifuwa. By Mr. Bollu, Captain in the French Marines. Trant l«:eJ from the French by John Reinhold Forftcr, F. A. S. Illut trated with Notes relative chieHy to natural Hiftory. To which is abided, by the Tranllator, a fyllematic Catalogue of all the known Plants of Engliih North America, or a Flora Ameriat Sif^* tditrhnalii, Tof,cthcr with an Abraft of the mod afcful and nc- ccffary Articles contained in Peter Locfiing's Travels through Spain and Cum Ana in South- America. Svo. 2 Vols. 10 s. 6d. ill Boards. Davics. I7"i.

THE provinces of North America arc no.v become a very intercAing object, particularly to the inhabitants of Great Britain. It is a country which atlords ample matter for em- ploying the pens of literary men, and accordingly publications of this kinvl have of late been pretty numerous ; they fccm to be alw^iyci acceptable to the public, and when executed with fidc« lity by per tons of ability and judgment, muft, without doubt^ prove both entertaining and ufeful.

Mr. Bc^«i> account of Louifiana i$ contained in twenty-two letters. addrefltJ to the Marquis de Y Ellrade, the tirft dated in ' February, 17S^> ^^^ ^^^ ^^ Notixmber, 1762. During this pciiiv) he was enga^j^e^l in two expeditions to this country, but tHoujth fiom hU own iclation he appears to have been faithful M^t tfcalou^ in the French fer\*ice, his vopges do not fecm tc^ have been very beneficial to hinUclf : after the firft, indeed, we are t\JJ that he recvi\*cd a gr*:ulty from the king of France^ but the fccond was finiihcd br his being recalled, and broke» t^;:t'thcr with other fuper:cr ar.J inferior officers.

'Vhe letters were writtc.i a: the requcil * f M- de r£(fan«ie» At the vUmc k^^ o:)C of them, the AathvV tells tbe Marquis, that « if he caunc: amufe him with hii .lile, at leaft he Ihall make hijt nattAtwT btencilin;;, th.vu^h the ungulantr of the fade bei i(^:xud$ to iitla;c^^ Aa^ ;a aaother p^ac^ iilMai %cdLuig.oS

Boflti'x Travels through Louijiand. 57

his obfervations on the different parts of the country, and the gcnious of the native, &c, he adds, * I think this ftudy not beneath a traveller. You are a foldier and a philofopher ; t am perfuaded that what I {hall give you an account of wiU pkafc you : for I flmttcr myfelf that you depend upon the fide- lity of your hiftorian ; indeed I mean to affert nothing but what lam eye-witnefs of; for I can neither invent nor exaggerate/

Some accounts, however, which this writer gives, relate to circumftances and events many years prior to his vifit to this part of the world 5 for thefe therefore he muft have depended upon the teftimony of others ; but as to the many particulars which he atlcrts from his own knowledge, he generally appears (0 be worthy of entire credit.

Among various other matters Mr. Boflu, as is cuftomary with Authors who have written concerning the Indians, fome- times prefenrs us with the fpceches which were made on dif- ferent occafions, by the chiefs and elders of thefc nations. It is well known that it has not been uiiufual with other hifto- riaos to amplify and cmbellifh this part of their fubje£l in order to recommend their work ; and we muft acknowledge that wc pnerally read thefe Indian harangues with a degree of diffidence^ Mr. Forfter, the tranflator, fecms to intimate a little fufpicron of the fame kind. The Author, in relating fome of the argu- ments which an old warrior ufeJ to animate the foldiers who were going out againft the enemy, Jimong other things we are toW he faid, ' Go, my comrades, as men of courage, and with the heart of a Hon.* Upon which the tranflator's note is, • An hyperbole no Indian in America would make ufe of, not knowing that creature, which is not to be met with in that country.'

Mr. BoflTu give an account, as other travellers have done, of the difcovery of the fkeletons of elephants in North America, from whence he argues for the junction of Louifiana with Afia : after telling us that his bad ftate of health prevented his goirig fo take the command of Fort du Quene, he obfervcs, < this - voyage would have enabled me to examine the place on the road, where an Indian found fpmc elephants' teeth, of which he gave me a grinder, weighing about fix pounds and a half.' After which he proceeds as follows : * In 1735, the Canadians, who came to make war upon the Tchicahas^ (Chickihaws,) found, near the Obio^ the fkeletons of fcven elephants ; which makes me believe, that Loujiana ]o\ns to Afia, and that thefe elephants came from the latter continent by the weftern part, which we are not acquainted with : a herd of thefe animals having loft their way, probably entered upon this new continent, and having always gone upon main land and in forefts, iVve \t\d\- an9 of tbar time not baving the ufe of fire-aims« have uot \)^«tv

^ Bi'J^'j Trrobj zi^a/ri L rinJiBW&

t^'st to ccflfoj thfs rsrirtV. i: Is po£i>k that feren anived at thr plarr near the Oi^r^ vibich^ in oar maps oi Lti'jfimui^ it p.2rk.ni wA a cjdTs. Tte ckph^nts, accordixig to all appear- accc, »£7e ia a fa.un7T eronod^ wt>cie thej fnnk in by the monDGos wG^i c: t^st-ir bodies, aiid coaU coc get out again^ \\ji TTt-e fcrc3cr tt> 3*7 ThcTc.'

Ths t ar.fla:cy rcir^r^s upoa t}ils pai&ge, that modern geo- ^rijLici" obierraiccE roiitT Imis A-.ibor's fuppc^fitioo iniprob- z'zM i bdides wtkh be adils that tbe tcetb of the animalst {c'i iz, be fouod oa the American cvAiiBrnt^ appear, upon exr kT.:aitik'j^ :o ^s irry d^ercnt from thc-fe cf the cooudoq eler » Lic:, ir;^ r:.-Vc ::?:.:> ibey c«nno( be cf the iamc fpecics*

Mr. Sccj his, rticrtbtjtij, iki-cral rt£e^ons on the popuh- : DTI of /i^,fr;c2, znd i:s conr-edion «ith Aua on the fide of T:-rurT, il ihis hii sin:h iciter, axid in the twenty- £rft. Among otritr ic— .i:'iL£, be likrs nc^ce of a conJ»edaie, which has by UyT.c pc: f: r,s been exr.:;r.Lced, thu there is a part of America vr.kh w*i peopled by the Welch, and that their language ;::r.ci z cjn:Iicrib!e part of the Izngu^rcs of the Anericyi i:-t:Oi5>. Though he does no: appear to lay any great ffrefs M'^L'Z tht.c iclitioiis, he ttl^s us that * the Dutch brought % Viiw, i*i::i a vh^te head, f.om ihc i:rc*ght£ of Ala^fUan^ which X'.L r£t:»e- cillcd Ax^iT* ; this wcri i> an c.'i Welch one, and C^r.inci u J..V hi^J ; from hence they cor.c:i;Ci that the natives cr.ginally cao^e fiom Wales/ The tranuatoi's note upon this pi^'-gc fcrms a \tT\ juft cne, when be tells us, * This, how* c\ €rz^ i? a wrong fuppohdon ; for it appears, that the bird in q.tfiton iias a black, an«^ nor a white bead ; but its name it Sf anllb, and iigni£es a tJC bird, the Paspcu^ or rather Phh' ^a.«?, being very fat,*

We dill DOW add a few extracts, by which our readers may be cD:.'r'!ed :o form fome jud^cni boih of the original and of the traail2i:oa. There are many inicretting relations which we mi^ht feled, but as they aie generally of a greater length ihjji cur limiis will allow, we muft be contented with ipmo firrter ctziriiiliwns*

^!r. Bc£ii gives the following account of the ceremony of £iop*Jcn among the M^rzes^ to « hich be himfclf fubmitied :

* The jitarsdis have adopted me ; diey ha%*e adopted me at a tranior ar.d a chief, and ha\*e given me the mark of it, which h the figure cf a roe-buck imprinted on my thigh. I have i«Ii'is2^y undergone this painful operation, «hich was per* formed in the folic wing manner : I u*as feated on a t\ ger*s (kin ; an Indian burnt fome firaw, the athes of which he diluted w::h wate: : be made ufe of this fimple mixture to draw the roe- bock; he then followed the drawing with great ntedles, /-icktDj :h:ai deep into the ficfli, till the blood comes out;

BoflTu'i Travels through Louifiana. 59

this blood mixing with the aihes of the draw, form<: a figure which can never be eftaceJ. 1 fmoked (he calumet after that ; they fpread white (kins under my feet, on which I walked ; tbey danced before me, crying out for joy ; they tolJ me after- wards, that I could go to all the people that were their allies, prefent the calumet, and fiiew my mark, znd I wculd be well received ; that I was their brother, and that if any one killed QC, they would kill him ; now I am a npble Jianza., Thefe people think they have done me all the honour due to a defender of their country, by thus adopting me : and I regard this ho- nour almoft like that which the Marjiial de Richeliiu received, when his name was infcribed in the golden book at Genoa among the noble Genoefe. It is true, there is forne difference between an infcriptipn and the operation I have undergone ; I cannot expreis to you how much I have fuflpcred by it ; I did all I ^uld to prevent (hewing how much I was afFeded ; on the contrary, I joked with the Indian women that were prefent; an4 All the fpe£lator$, amazed at my infcnfibility, cried out for

?' y, and danced round about me, faying, I was a true man. 'he pain has been very violent, and I have had a fever from ic for a week together. You cannot believe how fond the Akan* zes are of me fince that time.'

One of this writer's letters, dated at the Illinois^ concludes with the following relation : ' I (hall {ini(h my letter with the dcfcription of a very odd and extraordinary ceremony, performed by the Mijffiurisy who came hither as ambaifadors at the time when the Chevalier de Boijbruint commanded here. This tra- gic ftory will at the fame time ferve to teach officers, — that both the theoretical and the pradlical part of geography ought to be underftood by them ; and that ic is neceflary they (hould care- fully ftudy the interior fituation of a country where they are at war. —

* In 1720, the Spaniards formed the dcfign of fettling at the Miffiuris^ who are near the li/rmis, in order to confine us ^the French) more to the weft]ivard. — They believed, that in order to put their colony in fafety, it was neceflary they (hould en- tirely deftroy the Mijfouris ; but concluding it would be impof« fible to fubdue them with their own forces alone, they refolved to make an alliance with the Ofages^ a people who were the neighbours of the Miffourisy and at the fame time their mortal enemies. — With that view they formed a caravan at Santa- Fe^ confifting of men, women and foldiers, having a Jacobim prieft for their chaplain, and an cqgineer-captain for their chief and condudor, with the horfes and cattle neceflary for a per* manent fettlement.

* The caravan being fet out, mifiook its road, and arrived 9t the Aftjfouris^ taking them to be the Ojagti. ImmcdvalcX'f

6o BafTu'j Travels through Lcuijiana*

the conductor of the caravan orders his interpreter to fpcak to the chief of the Mijfourh^ as if he had been that of the Ofaget^ and tell him that they were come to make an alliance with them, in order to deftroy together the Mijfouris their enemies. The great chief of the Mijfouris concealed his thoughts upon this expedition ; (hewed the Spaniards figns of great joy, and promifed to execute a dcfign with them which gave him fo much pleafure. To that purpofe he invited them to reft for a few days after their tirefome journey^ till he had aflcmbled his warriors, and held council with the old men : but the refult of this council of war was, that they fhould entertain their guefts very well, and afFecl the iincereft friendfliip far them. They agreed together to fet out in three days. The Spanifli captain immediately diftributed fifteen hundred muHcets amongft them, with an equal number of piftols, fabres, and hatchets ; but the very morning after this agreement, the Mijfcuris came by break ofday into the Spanifh camp, and killed them all, except the- yacobine prieft, whofe fmgular drefs did not feem to belong to a warrior ; they called him a Mag-pie, and diverted themfelves with making him ride on one of the Spanifh horfes, on their days of afTembly.

* All thefe tranfaflions the Mijjouris themf.lves have related, when they brought the, ornaments of the chapel hither. They were dreflcd out in thefe ornaments : the chief had on thfc naked fkin the chafuble, with the paten fufpended from his neck, having driven a nail through it, and making ufe of it as a breaft plate ; he marched gravely at the head of all the others, being crowned with feathers and a pair of horns. Thofe that followed him had more chafubles on ; after them came thofe who carried the ftole, followed by thofe who had the fcarfs about their necks \ after them came three or four young Indi- ans, fome with albs, and others with furplices on. The Aco- lothifls, contrary to order, were at the end of the proccHion, not being adorned enough, and held in their hands a crofs or chandelier, whilft they danced in cadence. Thefe people, not knowing the refped): due to the facred utcnfils, hung the chalice to a horfc's neck, as if it had been a bell. * * The firft Frenchman who faw this mafqueradc arrive, ran laughing to give M. de Boifiriant intelligence of it : this officei', who is as pious as he is brave, was overcome with grief at the fight of the Indians, and knew not what to think of the event ; lie feared they had deftrpyed fome French fettlements ; but when he faw them nearly, his .fadnefs vanifhcd, and he h^d much to do. to keep himfelf from laughing with the reft. 7 iie Mijfouris told him, that the Spaniards intended to have de* ftroyed them ; that they brought him all thefe things, as bdng of no ufe to tJiem^ and that, if he would, he might give therti

Boflu'x Travih through Louifianai it

fuch goods in return as were more to their liking. According- ly be gave them fome goods, and fent the ornaments to M. de BitmjiUiy who was then governor-general of the province q( Lmfwna. As the Indians had got a great number of Spanilli faorfes from this caravan, the chief of the Mijfouris gave the fifleft to M. ^ B&jjbriant*

In his laft letter, M. Boflu tells us of a method which was employed to impofe upon the Spaniards : ' The inhabitants of Ciidy fays he, who were plagued by the Spaniards to difcovcr the gold mines, being defirous of getting rid of thefe importu- nate guefts, told them, that befides the gold which they would find in the ifle of Biminiy there was likewife a river and a foun- tain which made old men young by bathing in it. This ac- count was immediately tranfmitted to the court of Madrid^ where it engaged many Spaniards to embark at Cadizy in order to go to the If^efi Indies to fee this wonder, which, if it had really exifl-ed, would have been worth more than all the gold in the world. When thcfe Spaniards returned to Cadiz, every one found that they had been deceived ; inftcad of being young, they were grown older, and the people laughed at their long and troublefome voyage.' — Uur Author and his company had agreed among themfelves to make the trial, had they been car- ried to Biminiy which now belongs to the Englijb, and is called the Ifli of Providence,

Theiecond volume of this work contains only the Author^! lafi letter, which is followed by a catalogue of plants, (hrubs and trees in North /America. 1 o this is added, * an abftract of the moft ufeful and nccefTary articles mentioned by Peter Lee/Brtg, botanift to his Catholic majefty, in his travels through Spain, and that part of South America called Cumana, confin- ing in his life, and in fyftematical defcriptions of the plants of both countries, referring to the pages in the original SwediQt edition.'

Peter Loefling was a native of Sweden, and difciple of Dr. Linnaeus ; he was a moil induftrious botanill, and a kind of enthuiiaft in the fcicnce. He was employed by the king of Spain to colled the various fpccies of plants in that country and in South Americ;i, where this ingenious and worthy young man prematurely ended his days, on the 22d of February 1756, to the grcit regret of all who knew him, and of all the lovers of that branch of knowledge to which he was devoted.

The tranflator finishes the life of Peter Loefling with cxpref- fing his laudable and ^ moft ardent wi(h that £ni;lanJ may never be without difmterelied and patriotic men, whs f.^r the increafe of ufeful learning and the knowledge of uauxic^ vu\\\ exert their influence, gtniusL and weahh, to pronr\oic, cncovx* ngc Mod protc3, tbc invcAigraon of natural hiliorv in t\\n

6i Parry V Geneahgies ef Jefus Cbriji.

Weft Indies ahd America, on the Senegal and Gambia rivers in Africa, and the great and excenfive pofTeffions which the £ngli(h enjoy in the Eaft Indies, and wherever their navigation extends.*

Art. XI. The Genealogies of Jefus Cbrift, in Mattbrw and Luke^ ex- flaintd\ and the Jenvijb OhjeQions rcmo*vid. By Richard Parry, D. D. Preacher at Marlcet-HarhoroQgh. 8vo. i s. 6d. Davies, &c. 177 1.

IT is well known, that to reconcile the different genealogies of our Saviour, given by St. Matthew and St. Lulce, and to remove the difficulties feparately attending them, hath long and often been the bufiners of divines ; who have been the more folicitous upon this head, as both Jews and Infidels have hence formed objeftions to Chriftianity, In the prefent trad. Dr. Parry chiefly encounters the Jews \ in oppofition to whom, he hath undertaken to (hew, that Jefus Chrift was indeed of the houfe and lineage of David. With this view, he reduces the fubje£^ to fix propofltions, which are as follows : i. The line from David to Jofeph is filled up with a fucceffion of diffe- rent names, two only excepted. 2. It is the plain and obvious defign of each Evangelift to fhew, that Jefus, the Son of Mary, was the Son of God, and not of Jofeph. 3. It muft, there- fore, have been the intention of both Evangelifts, In proving the relationfliip of Jefus to the houfe of David, to (hew, that his fnother was defcended from that houfe. 4. The pedigree in St. Matthew is the natural line from David to Jofeph, the hufband of Mary, who was likewife of the houfe of David. 5. The pedigree in St. Luke is the natural line from J^avid, through Nathan, to Jefus the fon-in-law of Jofeph, who, as the hufband of Mary, was the fon-in-law of Heli. 6. Si- lathiel and Zorobabel in St. Luke are different perfons from thofe of the fame name in St. Matthew.

The three laft of thefe pro^ofitions are the principal objects of Dr. Parry *s attention. In order to reconcile the three ferics of fourteen generations given by St. Matthew, our Author makes the laft perfon of one feries the firft of the next ; * and thus, fays he, we have a remarkable perfon at the head of each clafs — Abraham who had the Promifes — David the King — Je- CHONf AH the Captive. We have alfo a remarkable perfon at the foot of each — David the King -^JucHosi ah Captive — Je- sus tbe Chrijl. As the fccond feries contains fifteen perfons, and is on that account faulty. Dr. Parry excludes Joram from it; in which he is fupported by the authority of one manu- icripty and the Glojfa ordinaria^ as well as by the reafon for which Ahaziah^ Joojbj and Anunuab are fuppofcd to have been excluded. What is alleged, to prove, xViax. xh^ Sa^(6iWand

MoKTHtY CATALOCtJE,

65

)r4dil in St* Luke,* are different pcrfons from thofe of the ni St. Matihcw, is worthy of notice, though, per- . alter will not yet be confidered as cleared of all its

Author has illuftratcd his work by a number of notci,

fcvcfll olf which are mr nious and valuable. His interpreta-

on of Luke vii, id* .(//^ that is Uajl in the kingdom ef heaven)

Ebich he applies to the Meffiah, is fo Angular, that we fliould

^ye been gJai to have fecn his rcafons for it at large. But

ever may be thought of this particular criticifm. Dr.

remarks will* we doubt not, in general, obtain the

itiurt of his learned readers.

MONTHLY CATALOGUE,

For JANUARY, ijyt.

Religious ^jt^Contiioversial^

la. ^ Letter to thi Right Honourabii L^rd Norths concern*

ing the intended Application to Parliamctit for Relief in tlie Mat-

itr of Sobfcriptioii to the Thirty-nine Articles and Liturgy of the

Church of England. By a Layman* 410* j s. Bladen. 1772.

h I 7 E may fafcly venture to pronounce^ that this letter is what it

fVv profefles to be, the Compofition of a Layman. It is not

itien in the manner that might be expeftcd, and would, indeed,

_^_ almoil unavoidable in a Divine* but with the liberal ipiritcfa

peffoA wbo convcrlVs much in the world, and is entirely free from

CBckfiaiiical reiUaints. Though the Author appears to be well ac-

with the fubjcfk of Sobfcriptions, hetmers no farther into

ological part of it than is neceifary to his principal purpofe,

^dl isf to oflFcr fuch con fi derations with regard to the application

rthe petitioning clerg^% as will be likely to have an cffcd upon

Ibtcfflaen and members of parliament*

After a genteel introduftion to Lord North, our Letter- waiter pro- poCes CO ihew, that Subfcription to the Thirty -nine Articles and Li- uiTgv of cur church is extremely prejudicial to the caufc of genuine ChfiJlianityt ^^d to the interefts of truth and virtue ; that no re^d idftttUge if « or poflibly can be, derived from it ; and that there is ootlUAe ID the l^irit of the times, or temper of the people^ that is« iocbe&a^* unfavourable to the petitioners, but, on the contrary, ejctmoely friendly and favourable to them* Having reprefentcd tite ociibrtuiutc fttuation of many of the clergy, in being obliged to drcUre their AfTent to forms which they cannot approve, and having poiDted out fome few of the abfurd doi^lrine? contained in the Ar- ticStf, the Author adds the following animated reflexions :

* Good God ! that, in a philofophic age, in a Protellant Country^ s Coontry famed over the whole Globe for having given birth to tbo gfcatelt oialleTf of leafon that ever appeared among men, a CoMt\\tv« wiiefe the writings of a Z^i/v ^ iJoadiif, a Clarki, a Enrlrr^ a^Te m (k hModt ofttcumdi SMd tea thoufaods, that in fuch a Coutivt^ , \

64 MOHTHLY CATAtOGlTB^ '

fay, it ihould be i^uired of Chriftian Preachers, of the authbmed" Teachers of morality, to profefs their belief In fuch doftrines m thefe ! Every puny Infidel* every Mite of Scepticifm fees and laagka at the Abfurdity of them, pours out alt his (lores of wit» ridicaie», and contempt on the Clergy, raves againft Priefts and their craft, calls religion a cheat* riots m unrighteoufnefs, and plunges 'into all the horrors of Infidelity. The friends of religion fee this and weep i Its enemies exolt and triumph* and oar Ecclcnaftical Governors look on» and do nothing. O ttmpora ! O mores /*

As to the quelhon, * Does ChrilHanity^ does the church, does fociety derive no advantage, no benefit from the Subfcription of oar ' Clergy to the Thirty-nine Articles r*. the writer aniwers* That, after the moft attentive confideration of the fubjefl he is capable of, . he cannot pofiibly perceive a fmgle advantngc that either is, or can be derived from it, whether it be coniidcred in a religious, moral,' or political view. That it cannot be p rod u dive of any real benelt« he (hews in a fatisfaflory manner ; and then comes to what politic cians will pay the mod regard to, the temper and fpirit of the times. An cxtradt or two, from this part of the letter, will be pleafing to many of our readers.

*• But it is faid, that the times are not ripe for reformation, that it would be dangerous to attempt it, that it would be ftrenuoufly oppofcd by the people, that it could not pofllbly be efie&ed without breaking in upon the public peace: in a word, that a reformation is. at prefent, impra^icabU, This notion is propagated, with great diligence, by a certain order of men ; with what views, and for what purpofei, it requires no great difcet nnient to perceive ; bot it has not the lead Hiadow of reafon to fupport it. Were an attempt to be made to deftroy our ecclefiaflical conditution, to introduce m new mode of worflup, to take away the ufe of their Bibles, or Prayer-Books from tht people, to edablilh the do£trine of tranfub- llantiation, &c. by afl of Parliament, there would be a very juft and reafonable foundation for fuch an alarm ; but to fuppoie that the people would make any oppofition to the Petitioning Clergy, that Wilkes, Junius, or the whole Bill of Rights could poifibly procure a Petition or Remonilrance from any county in the kingdom,