The Gateways Project 2001:

Archaeological Survey of the Quebec Lower North Shore Gulf of St. Lawrence, from Mingan to Blanc Sablon

William W. Fitzhugh Arctic Studies Center Department of Anthropology

National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution

December 2001

Ministere de la Culture et des Communications Direction generale de 1'Est du Quebec

N°. de permis:

01-FITZ-01

Aide-memoire aux archeologues

Nom du requerant: Adresse:

William W. Fitzhugh Annee du permis: 2001

Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History 332, 8th Street S.E.

Washington, D.C. 20003

Nature de la demande:

Inventaire de la Basse Cote-Nord, de Blanc-Sablon jusqu'au lies de Mingan, Cote-Nord du Saint-Laurent.

Contenu du rapport de recherche archeologique

'■ Duree du sejour sur le terrain

2- Carte topographique au 1: 50 000 (localisation des sites)

3- Photographic aerienne (localisation des nouveaux sites) Plans

- territoire prospecte (echelle)

- surface fouillee (echelle)

- sondages (echelle)

Coupes

- stratigraphie de chaque site etudie Description

- techniques de fouille et/ou d'inventaire

- enregistrement des donnees ' Traces d'etablissement

- plan general

- photos significatives

- niveau stratigraphique

- indications generates

- mesures de protection prises Interpretations Recommandations Catalogue des objets

* * - Catalogue des photos Eli annexe

12- Releves des notes, plans et dessins

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(Tire de la Reglementation sur la recherche archeologique. Pour obtenir une copie complete du Reglement, communiquez avec le ou la responsable des permis de la Direction generale de 1'Est du Quebec)

Date d'impression: 5 juillet 200 1

Contents

Section 1: Section 2: Section 3: Section 4: Section 5: Section 6: Section 7: Section 8: Section 9:

Project Narrative, Interpretations and Recommendations Topographic Maps

Surface Inspection and Test Pit Catalog

Test Pit Stratigraphy

Significant Photos

Artifact Catalog

Photo Catalog

Field Notes

Research Permits

Section 1: Section 2: Section 3: Section 4: Section 5: Section 6: Section 7: Section 8: Section 9:

Cover Photo: Basque tiles eroding from the shore of the Petite Mecatina-3 site (EdBt-3).

Section 1:

Project Narrative, Interpretations and Recommendations

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4 Dec. 2001

The Gateways Project 2001:

Archaeological Survey of the Quebec Lower North Shore, Gulf of St. Lawrence, from Mingan to Blanc Sablon

William W. Fitzhugh

Arctic Studies Center, Smithsonian Institution

In August, 2000 the Smithsonian’s Arctic Studies Center conducted a reconnaissance of a 550 km stretch of the Lower North Shore, known in Quebec as the Basse-Cote-Nord , from Mingan to Blanc-Sablon in the Strait of Belle Isle. The purpose of the project was to determine the feasibility of undertaking a study of this region’s cultural heritage, archaeology, and environmental history, especially of its little-known outer coast regions, to investigate the problem of the western penetration of Maritime Archaic, Paleoeskimo, and early Inuit cultures along the Lower North Shore and to associate its culture history more closely with Labrador and Newfoundland. An additional goal was to explore local interest in the preservation and inteipretation of cultural lifeways, historic resources, and cultural landscapes as this region enters a period of rapid social and economic change. At present nearly 300 km of this rugged coast between Natashquan and Vieux Fort is accessible only by steamer and small aircraft. In these regions the populace is sustained largely by community service activities, and local forestry, fishing, and hunting. Villages are small, with populations in the low hundreds, and people’s lives remain governed largely by traditional ways of living and subsistence activities that have persisted since settlements became established here in the 17- 18th centuries.

The pace of change, however, is accelerating. Within a few years Highway 138, which has been advancing into this remote coast from both the east and the west, will enable one to drive from Quebec across the Lower North Shore / Basse-Cote-Nord to Newfoundland, the Straits, southern Labrador, and Goose Bay, and to return westward over the Labrador highway to Labrador City, Wabush, and south to Baie Comeau on the Gulf. Alternatively, after reaching Blanc-Sablon, one may take the ferry to Newfoundland and travel south to Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Maine. For many tourists, the reverse direction may be even more appealing, leading New Englanders and southern ‘maritimers’ on a circuit to Newfoundland, Labrador, and home via Quebec or vice-versa. In addition to benefitting tourists, interconnected circuit routes will stimulate local and regional business opportunities, reduce the local cost of products, and bring people into more direct contact with other regions than ever before.

Certainly not all of these changes will be positive. One of the direct consequences will be an erosion of the most valuable assets that the Lower North Shore possesses - its relative isolation, its traditional lifestyles, its cultural diversity, and its long-held values about the land and its resources. Since nothing will stop the road, negative impacts will have to be managed by taking steps to protect the human and environmental values that give this region its unique character. One positive step would be an accelerated program of research and documentation to

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gather and understand the region’s tangible and intangible values coordinated with communities and government to ensure broad dissemination of results for use in planning museums, interpretation centers, school curricula, and popular media.

Today, while the Upper North Shore from Charlevoix to Sept Isles is one of the jewels in the crowns of Quebec and Canada, even Quebecers have little knowledge of the beauty and heritage of the more distant and inaccessible Basse-Cote-Nord, despite the fact that this region was the historic ‘gateway’ of European entry into Canada and the North American continent. Better recognition will only come after its spectacular geography, its dramatic scenery, its natural habitats, its abundant terrestrial and marine wildlife, its 10,000 years of diverse native cultures, and its 400 years of European settlement become better known. The archaeological project reported here was designed to investigate only one of several subjects important for broader appreciation of the Lower North Shore. As has been demonstrated in Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and elsewhere in Quebec, archaeology is especially well-suited to stimulate regional development by instilling a unique sense of regional cultural and historical identity.

Despite a need for more intensive research, Quebec’s Lower North Shore history, archaeology, ethnology, and natural history is by no means unknown. Early explorers and Jesuit priests chronicled its lands and peoples in the 16- 18th centuries (Niellon 1996:155). The early French natural historian, Henri Puyjalon (1840-1905), who lived in the eastern Mingan Islands was one of the first scientists to begin systematically documenting its wildlife, botanical, marine resources, and geology, and the region was one of the early centers of paleontological research in North America. Recent decades have seen increased interest in geological, geographical, historical, and ethnographical studies; and archaeological research, in particular, has been conducted intensively in some areas, especially in Blanc Sablon (Levesque 1962, 1968, 1969a, 1969b, 1971, 1972, 1975, 1976; Martijn 1972, 1974; Pintal 1989, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998;

Pintal, J.-Y. et D. Groison 1987). Some of this work has not been widely available outside Quebec because it has been conducted as contract, mitigation, or resource inventory projects and is not published. However, several monographs have appeared (Levesque 1971, 1976;

Somcynski 1989; Pintal 1998). What is needed most of all today is a stronger research focus, building upon the extensive data recovered from contract efforts, that can better define archaeological complexes and integrate them into a broader regional perspective.

Research Goals

The “Gateways Project 2001” had a variety of goals, first among them being to conduct a preliminary archaeological reconnaissance of this little-known region of the Gulf of St.

Lawrence to determine the nature and extent of archaeological remains present in the region, particularly in the outer coastal areas. In addition to compiling information on cultural complexes, sites types, dating, and settlement and subsistence patterns, more specific questions to be investigated included the extent of western penetration by Maritime Archaic, Inuit, and Paleoeskimo cultures; the nature of Recent (1500-500 B.P.) and Intermediate (3500-1500 B.P.) Indian occupations; and the character of the earliest Indian settlements of the Maritime Archaic and/or Laurentian peoples. Types of sites, preferred settlement locales, dates, and associated features, and site conservation status was to be recorded, and general information on coastal uplift, paleoenvironment, local geology, and botany would be gathered. We also planned to

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make contact with local residents who might be sources of information for oral history and archaeology.

The following is a preliminary field report covering results of a survey of the Lower North Shore conducted during a three-week period in August. While the brief survey nature of the project precludes conclusions to most of the questions raised above, it provides encouragement that more systematic surveys and excavations could contribute substantially to the goals expressed above.

Survey Narrative

The survey was conducted during August using the Smithsonian’s research vessel Pitsiulak, which provides accommodation for 10-12 people and is skippered by Perry Colboume from Lushes Bight, Notre Dame Bay, in northeastern Newfoundland. In addition to Colbourne, the project team included students Cristie Boone of the University of Washington in Seattle, Matthew Gallon, a recent graduate of Bowdoin College, Maine, and Valerie Boudreault, a Laval University student of Innu heritage. Lynne Fitzhugh, an author and researcher specializing in Labrador, contributed her knowledge of regional history and archaeological survey talents;

Selma Barkham participated in the early part of the survey and provided expertise on Basque history and whaling; Rene Levesque spent several days with the project while we were in Mingan and Natashquan and provided coordination with regional authorities; Steven Young participated as project botanist and accompanied the project from Harrington to Blanc-Sablon, together with his wife, Jan, a textile artist; and Will Richard, a photographer from Maine with experience in ecotourism and heritage programs in Maine, New Brunswick, and Quebec served as project photographer. Our work would not have been possible without research and information assembled in advance by Smithsonian intern Saskia Wrausmann, who could not participate in the fieldwork but collected information on site distributions from the records of the Ministry of Cultural Affairs in Quebec City, and by Valerie Boudreault, who gathered information on previous research in the region and provided coordination and data on the project to LNS Native communities and local organizations.

The Mingan Islands In order to avoid the poorer weather (more wind, rain, and fog) that lasts longer in the Straits than in the interior of the Gulf, we decided to work from west to east, beginning from Mingan, which we reached on 5 August. Because the mainland has already been surveyed extensively by Pablo Somcynski and others, and because our focus was primarily the islands and outer coast, we concentrated our work on the Mingan Islands rather than on the mainland shore. We were extremely grateful to Parks Canada’s Mingan and Quebec regional offices for their consideration given to our request for an archaeological permit for the Mingan Park and for assistance noted below. One of the islands we surveyed that was not in the park, Mingan Harbor Island, had previously been studied by Rene Levesque, who located and excavated the Louis Jolliet post (1971) and reported having found ‘tile’ fragments, possibly Basque, along its southern shore. With the skilled assistance of Parks Canada Ranger Charles Kavanaugh, we spent a week surveying the Park’s dramatic limestone archipelago for archaeological remains. Since our survey had to be rapid, we were only able to sample the coastal strip at prominent points, harbors, stream mouths, and narrows where evidence of dwelling structures or other constructions might most likely be found. Our principal goal was to

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search for Paleoeskimo and Inuit traces on exposed points and headlands, as these locations have been shown to be primary settlement areas for these cultures. Should these groups have been present this far west in the gulf in the past, their remains might be visible to the type of cursory survey we were conducting. Unfortunately, no remains of certain Eskimo affiliation were found, and most of the rock features and dwelling foundations identified are more likely the remains of transient camps of relatively recent origin since they were found within a few meters of the modem shoreline. In the few instances where we were able to survey prominent exposed raised limestone shingle beaches, no evidence of prehistoric settlements was found, even though such sites are well represented on the mainland shore, where they are concentrated largely at or near the mouths of rivers and streams.

Based on previous experience in Labrador and Newfoundland where similar islands are often found to have abundant Paleoeskimo and Inuit archaeological remains, the absence of early island maritime sites - even of transitory camps or brief seasonal occupations - among the Mingan Islands was surprising. This pattern suggested immediately that Paleoeskimo and Inuit people never reached the Mingan Islands, which seemed possible if Wintemberg’s statement of having found ‘Dorset’ artifacts at Kegashka (1928) had been correct (an observation that is now contested, see below). Apparently the use of the Mingan Islands by prehistoric people followed a similar pattern as that of the historic Innu, who used these islands and the surrounding waters primarily for waterfowl and seal hunting rather than for settlement. Judging from the many sites known along the mainland coast and the few sites reported from prior surveys by Somcynski and others on some of the Mingan islands, the mainland coast has been the primary loci of prehistoric and historic Indian settlement, with river fishing being the primary economic activity.

The major exception to this pattern is the presence of several important historic archaeological sites in the Mingan Islands. The most important is a large Basque site located in the harbor on the western shore of lie Nue (EbDa-6), with intact ovens and work or habitation areas. This site has been known for several years and represents an important target for archaeological research; one hopes that excavation will be pursued here in the near future, especially as one of its oven (?) structures is currently being aggressively undercut by the sea and important artifacts (which we photographed but did not collect) were found below it on the beach. A second important site, which we discovered with Ranger Kavanaugh’s assistance after considerable effort in the thick second-growth spruce forest at the eastern end of Mingan Harbor Island, was the Jolliet trading post (EbCx-1) previously excavated by R. Levesque (1971; see Niellon 1996: 145). This island is privately held and is not part of the Mingan Park, and we had to obtain special permission for our visit from an agent of the owner. The Jolliet site needs new evaluation, preservation, and research, and could become a major attraction for heritage tourism if arrangements could be made with the land-owner and with the Mingan Band, which has special interest in this island immediately adjacent to their community. A third potentially- important European site is the residence of Count Henri Puyjalon (1840-1905), the pioneering French naturalist who was the first to study and describe this region of the coast and who had a seasonal residence on the south side of lie a la Chasse. Although the location of his grave site is known, his summer residence, presumably located in the vicinity of the grave site, has never been found. This site would make a significant addition to the archaeological resources of the region, providing a third major historical component to the early European history of the Mingan

D

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Islands, one that would resonate with the interpretation of its recent and modern natural history.

Specific discoveries in Mingan Park included the identification of rock structures at ten locations: a small rock slab structure south of the Basque settlement on the western end of lie Nue (EbDa-6); two tent rings on the western shore of lie aux Bouleaux (EbDa-52); a large rectangular structure and possible other rock structures at Cap Seche on the eastern shore of lie a Niapiskau (EbCw-56); a rock slab pavement at He du Quarry(EbCw-55); a rock structure at Pointe a l’Enclume on He du Havre; a stone feature at Pointe de Chasse on He du Havre; several rock structures on the west side of He St. Charles north of Barrachoix Peche inlet; a rock feature on the shore a few meters north of Henri Puyjalon’s grave site on the south side of He a la Chasse (EbCs-17); a rock feature on the western gravel beach on Petite He Ste. Genevieve(EbCs- 16); and another rock feature on the slab beach at (Grand) He Ste. Genevieve(EbCs-18). None of these sites contained any artifacts or cultural remains (other than the structures themselves) that could be used to identify or date the structures; however, based on their proximity to the current shore, they probably belong to the past 500 years. The only artifacts we saw in the Mingan Island survey were a few fragments of Basque tiles and a piece of glazed earthenware which was eroding from the oven site on He Nue, and several small abraded remnants of brick or Basque tile noted along the southern shore of Mingan Harbor Island.

We also discovered an interesting location in a clearing at the top of He aux Sauvages. In a broad pasture-like clearing surrounded by spruce forest we found a moose feeding in a large open meadow of angelica and raspberries growing in rich black earth. Once again, testing failed to reveal artifacts, lithic debitage, or charcoal. Nevertheless, this unusual cleared, garden-like enclave should be investigated further as it seems unlikely to be a natural forest habitat. Perhaps it is the remains of an historic period garden, and in this case one would expect a European settlement site to exist somewhere in the vicinity.

Natashquan We were not able to survey the coast between He St. Genevieve and Natashquan. In the latter location, we spent a few hours ashore and saw a private collection that contained stemmed bifaces similar to Labrador late Maritime Archaic specimens, made of local quartzite. We also visited a location several miles north of the village where whale bones were eroding from a blowout approximately 200 feet above sea level.

Kegashka This English-speaking village has been recognized as an important archaeological locale ever since Wintemberg’s early survey of the Quebec North Shore. Of particular importance was his claim of finding Dorset artifacts and Iroquoian ceramics (Wintemberg 1928, 1942; both claims are now discounted: de Laguna 1946, Taylor 1964, and Martijn 1990, cited in Martijn and Pintal, in press). Recent surveys (Chism 180a, b, 1982; Chapdelaine and Chalifoux 1994) have identified numerous sites around the mouth of the Kegashka River and along the shore of the modem harbor to the east, and several local residents have private artifact collections. Our brief land survey was confined to the Kegashka Harbor peninsula, which did not produce any new sites. Our principal activity was an inspection and photography of the well- known Stubbert cache (EbCh-1) of Ramah chert bifaces recovered by Hugh Stubbert while digging near his house “about 30-35 years ago”. This remarkable cache, reported by Chism and Chapdelaine and Chalifoux above, and by Loring (1992:444-446, and in press), at the time of the

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our visit contains 26 artifacts, 24 of which are semi-finished biface blanks, and the remainder include a single-notched Ramah biface and a schist grindstone. None of the implements are in the form of finished tools, although all had been carefully manufactured and were well-thinned, ready for fashioning into points, knives, or scrapers. Some specimens have polished arises, perhaps a result of transport ‘bag wear5. The largest blank is nearly 35cm long, but most specimens are in the 20 cm range. The majority have squared bases and slightly out-flaring lateral sides, and several have slightly convex scraper edges prepared at the bases of the blades, with considerable rounding and use-wear. The low elevation of the site suggests a Middle Woodland period (Daniel’s Rattle/Point Revenge period in Labrador) date ca. 800-1200 B.P. However, absence of diagnostic projectile points and radiocarbon dates makes a precise age and relationship difficult to determine. Mr. Stubbert pointed out that the cache was found in a muddy peat as a single dense cluster of finds with the blades stacked crib-like in layers, two or three blades per layer, each layer at right angles to the layer below. Other than the schist grindstone, the entire cache was composed of Ramah chert. Only a very few of the specimens are broken or have evidence of damage, despite being many hundreds of miles from the Ramah quarries in northern Labrador.

While in Kegashka we visited Lesley Foreman’s salmon-fishing camp on the north side of the mouth of the Kegashka River a few miles west of the town. Several prehistoric sites have been recorded on his property, which is on a raised bank overlooking one of the best salmon¬ fishing locations on this part of the coast. North and east of the river mouth, a number of small sites have been recorded by Claude Chapdelaine during a survey along the ‘winter road5 along the top of the main beach terrace. We did not check these locations, and instead visited a small island in the river one hundred meters south of where the Hydro-Quebec lines cross the river.

Mr. Foreman had told us a Hudson’s Bay Company post had been located here once, but the site proved elusive.

La Romaine La Romaine is a large French-speaking village subdivided into European and Innu quarters. Our visit here was brief, and since the region had been previously surveyed (Pintal 1995, 1996) we did little more than note the presence of 18/ 19th century ceramics along the southwestern portion of the beach south of the post office. The adjacent shore near the rock outcrop forming the southwest end of the beach is a likely area for prehistoric and historic sites.

lie du Lac We did not survey locations between Kegashka and La Pvomaine or between the latter and Cape Whittle. However, a brief reconnaissance of the eastern end of He du Lac revealed the presence of an old boulder cache pile (EbCa-1) near the passage to the open sea at a location that would likely have been an excellent seal-hunting spot.

Baie du Nord Surveys around the western and southern shore of Baie du Nord at the west end of Watagheistic Strait produced no sites, and a similar result was obtained from the point at the northwest comer of Watagheistic Island.

Pointe Sealnet This harp sealing location south of Watagheistic Island lived up to its place- name by producing a range of sites, including several European structures with associated cultural deposits dating to the 19th and 20th centuries(EcBw-l). Among the interesting finds from

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a small testpit in the heavily grass-covered European deposits west of the cement foundation of the old seal factory was a whalebone sled-shoe (drilled lashing holes but without counter-sunk basal lashing grooves, as is customary for most Inuit-made shoes). This piece is probably evidence of Inuit influence on LNS winter transport systems (Charest 1998) rather than of the presence of Inuit themselves. However, the find of a single dark chert notched biface knife of probably Groswater affiliation in a peat exposure (EcBw-2) overlooking the southern cove represented the first positive sign of this Paleoeskimo culture during our survey and indicated the likelihood of a Groswater settlement site nearby.

Petite Mecatina The large south-jutting peninsula east of Harrington Harbor known as Petite Mecatina was the first location we surveyed that produced sites at outer coast locations and in densities comparable to that known for the Newfoundland and Labrador coast. The largest and most dramatic find was a huge 19th-20th century fishing enclave at Havre de la Croix, where the remains of scores of buildings and stages line this nearly land-locked harbor, and artifacts literally pave its shores and intertidal zone. Now abandoned, this fishing settlement could be studied historically and archaeologically, and extensive photographic and written documentation must be available. The site probably represents one of the most intensive expressions of the historic LNS inshore cod-fishing industry.

On the outer coast east of Havre de la Choix several sets of boulder beaches rise from the shore to elevations of from 40-80 feet above sea level. At elevations of ca. 40-55 feet on the two beaches we visited, we found large numbers of boulder structures, many of which appear to be caches (EdBt-1); however some of these features are large enough or contain structural clues such as the presence of thin slabs set among otherwise beach-rounded cobbles that suggest they might be burial mounds. At the crest of one beach at ca. 40-45 feet elevation we found a clearly- defined outline of a longhouse measuring 5x28 meters in length, containing five room segments, constructed in the boulder beach (EdBt-2). Caches and other boulder structures were noted at similar elevations on beaches nearby. The open nature of the boulders, lack of soil matrix, and approaching dusk made further study impossible, but it seems likely, based on the numbers of boulder structures and elevations noted, that the southern Petite Mecatina beaches harbor a number of Maritime Archaic sites that warrant survey, mapping, and excavation.

The importance of this region was attested further by one of the most significant finds of the summer, a large Basque site that appears to have been a major 16th century whaling station (EdBt-3). Located on the east coast of Petite Mecatina, this site contains large amounts of tile spread over hundreds of square meters in a dramatic physical setting surrounded by high hills. In addition to large amounts of tile, our tests produced an abundance of large nails, some extremely thin green glass shards, and bone remains. Heavy vegetation cover made it difficult to identify surface features such as ovens or structures, but the site is clearly of considerable size and importance. Part of the site is inside the drip-line of a high overhanging cliff, and these locations may provide for instances of unusual organic preservation. According to Selma Barkham (who was not with us during this portion of the survey) this site may be one of the few ‘large’ Basque sites yet to be identified along the Quebec coast.

Baie Mouton As in other areas to the west we had neither the time nor the capability, due to

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the absence of sufficiently detailed charts, to survey the inner reaches of the LNS bays and river mouths between Petite Mecatina and Baie Mouton to the east. However, we found the latter to be rich in archaeological sites and remains and discovered that many inhabitants of this primarily English-speaking settlement had private collections that they had found while working their gardens or digging house footings or outhouse holes. A set of finds recovered by the Morencys at the north end of town about 27 feet above sea level (EeBs-1) included notched bifaces, large stemmed end scrapers, and a stemmed diagonal knife of Ramah and other types of chert that suggested a similar age (ca. A.D. 500-1000) as the Stubbert cache in Kegashka. The collection also contained a stemmed point of quartz that had been found at one of several high terrace sites from the hills surrounding Mouton Bay marked by the presence of large amounts of quartz flakes. The point appeared to be an Early Maritime Archaic style, which we later confirmed in visits to two of these sites (EeBs-2,3), situated at elevations of from 100-170 feet above sea level. While many of these sites have been damaged by local collecting, some appear intact and could be excavated. Finds included biface fragments of dark chert, quartz, and quartzite; quartz wedges and small circular end scrapers, the latter an early Maritime Archaic type. Rather than showing long linear distributions of flaking debris as found at Late Maritime Archaic sites in the Straits and Labrador, these sites form discrete clusters that suggest small dispersed dwelling structures or settlement loci, as found for Labrador Early and Middle Maritime Archaic period settlements. One of these locations contained a cluster of cobbles that appeared to represent a hearth (EeBs-3). Judging from the exposed materials, all of these sites have low tool/flake ratios; however this observation may result from a long history of local collecting.

At Boulet Harbor a short distance east of Baie Mouton we found another Basque site with large amounts of tile (EeBr-13). This site is much smaller than Petite Mecatina 3 and it has the disadvantage of having a considerable 19-20th century component. On the other hand, its fine small beach and multi-component history and its location close to Baie Mouton and La Tabatiere would facilitate excavation, interpretation, and visitation.

Mistanoque and Checatica Islands These small islands east of Baie de Jacques Cartier provide harborage and settlement site locations in outer coast settings that facilitate maritime hunting and fishing activities. Mistanoque has a fine harbor, but is so heavily occupied by modem camps and middens that we could not test adequately for early sites. Its modem inhabitants could not be questioned about old sites because they had already departed, the salmon season having ended some weeks previously. At a cove on the southwestern side of the island we found several boulder caches, pits, and hunting blinds of unknown origin, and several probable European graves marked by small stone settings and alignments (EhBn-3). On Checatica Island several high sod-walled house foundations (EhBn-1) in a cove on the northeastern end of the island produced early European ceramics in a context that needs to be investigated further, since the presence of winter sod houses at such an exposed location next to a seal-hunting “rattle” raises the possibility that these constructions may be of historic period Inuit origin.

Vieux Fort As we drew nearer to Blanc-Sablon with a few days left in our schedule, it was possible to investigate a number of localities in the Vieux Fort region. Charles Martijn (1974) had worked here, and I had visited the area briefly in 1981. At lie Verte we found a number of

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boulder structures (EiBl-6)at 52-foot elevations on a boulder beach at the north end of the island. Some of the circular and sub-rectangular boulder pits were large enough to have been used as dwellings while others appeared to be the remains of open cache pits. No artifacts were noted. Nearby on lie Bilodeau we found a small site (EhBl-1) containing chert flakes (Ramah, opaque, and tan) and a single non-diagnostic biface fragment that had a distinct Dorset appearance. On the nearby mainland, we located a small quartzite flaking concentration below a 19/20th century house foundation at Net Island Tickle(EiBl-7), about 2-3 meters above sea level. This site is quite likely late prehistoric Innu and is the only site of this type found during the survey; such sites seem to be rare in the outer coastal zone of the LNS. At the southeastern end of lie de Vieux Fort we found large numbers of 19-20th century European sites (EiBk-50), and in Bussie’s Cove in a large grassy meadow, evidence of sod structures (EiBk-52), a seal factory, and at a few meters above sea level a barely-perceptible rectangular sod-walled structure measuring 18x 6m, with suggestions of room dividers (EiBk-51). To the wishful-thinking this site at first resembled a Viking long-house, but two small test pits produced no identifiable cultural remains. According to our botanist companion, Steven Young, this location was the first we had encountered along the outer coast where it would have been possible to graze cattle; and indeed, local residents spoke of Bussie’s Cove having been used as a pasture years ago. Further testing is needed here, even though the possibility of a Viking connection has to be exceedingly remote. Most likely, the long structure is a recent animal shed or bam.

Middle Bay Surveys in the Havre des Belles Amours produced a number of interesting finds, including a rock feature that contained a piece of buried orange flagging tape. This site is probably one tagged in the Quebec inventory as EiBi-14 (Groison et al. 1985). Nearby on the high boulder terraces along the east side of the harbor peninsula we found a series of boulder depressions (caches?) at 34 and 80 foot elevations, with no clues as to cultural affiliation; but at an extension of the 34-foot terrace beneath and east of the 80-foot terrace, two clearly-defined rectangular structures were identified (EiBi-19): a two-roomed dwelling with overall dimensions of 4x4m adjacent to a single-roomed structure measuring 4x5m. Two small one-ineter wide cache pits were positioned on opposite sides of the double-roomed structure. In the gathering dusk, surface inspection of the surrounding cobble beach produced no sign of cultural material, but the undisturbed nature of the interior floor, with a prepared gravel surface and absence of large open boulders suggests the possibility of a productive excavation. As suggested for the Belle Amours Peninsula to the east (see below), it seems likely that this site dates to the Intermediate Indian period, sometime between 3500-1500 B.P. A fourth site was found at the entiy to the harbor on Pointe des Belle Amours (EiBi-20). Judging from the graveyard above the site that contained graves of 1 9th century Buckles, a family that had been prominent in the Middle Bay region as early as the 18th century, it seems likely that the 19/20th century foundations located on the terrace below belonged to a local branch of Buckles.

Brador The final region investigated was Brador, where for the past fifty years archaeological research has been conducted, first by Elmer Harp (1963, 1964) and later principally by Rene Levesque (1972, 1976) Jean-Yves Pintal (1989, 1994, 1998) and others. Large numbers of sites are known from this ecologically-rich area, whose complex and extensive series of raised beaches provide a means for isolating cultural components and dating assemblages. The Blanc Sablon is without question the richest archaeological region of the entire eastern Gulf,

10

Newfoundland, and Labrador, and in time it will become the cornerstone for the prehistory of this region, since at one time or another, depending on changes in climate and resources, it has attracted nearly all of the cultures of this diverse region.

Since this region is already well-known and is currently being investigated actively by Pintal, our purpose was limited to visiting a few sites that were already known or had been previously excavated, rather than to conduct new surveys. We were aided by Mr. Clifford Hart, a local fisherman and historical enthusiast whose interest in archaeology was stimulated by finding a cache of late Maritime Archaic gouge and celt blanks while he was excavating the basement of his home in Brador (EiBh-41), The cache was found several feet under the surface on a relatively low beach a few hundred meters from the current shore. The twelve specimens found were large green-grey slate blanks, some of which had been prepared as gouges and others a ‘spuds5 (expanded bit axes), while others seem intentioned as adzes. None had been finished beyond the rough flaking stage, nor showed evidence of grinding. The impression left by the cache was that this was a trove of commercial products that had been prepared elsewhere (almost certainly in Newfoundland) and were awaiting transfer or final production. There was no indication (i.e. of red ocher) that the cache had been buried as part of a mortuary ceremony; but this possibility probably cannot be ruled out.

During the day we drove along the coast highway back to Belles Amours Peninsula to a raised boulder beach on the northeast side of the peninsula, several hundred meters south of the highway. Here we inspected a large site (EiBi-7) containing a complex of cache piles, boulder pits and boulder-walled houses that had been reported by several archaeologists, including Rene Levesque (1968, 1969a,b, 1972, 1976), Charles Martijn (1972, 1974), and Rousseau (1982). We photographed several of these structures on the northernmost section of the exposed cobble beach (ca. 32 feet a.s.l.) that exists between the shore to the east and a small pond to the west of the beach crest. As noted at the Havre des Belles Amours sites, a variety of boulder constructions were present, including obvious cache pits (both opened and intact), and several styles of rectangular, oval, and rounded structures with single and double-tiered boulder walls that appeared to be dwellings, some with several internal room partitions, and some with caches built into the exterior walls. All appeared to date to a single cultural period and to consist of a small village or a location to which people returned periodically over the years, building new and slightly different structures over time. Several of the structures showed evidence of disturbance from haphazard excavations in the form of small burrow-pits into the boulder floors of the structures, but no systematic excavation appears to have ever been conducted here. None of the dwelling structures appear to have had internal paving, and no artifacts were observed in the houses or nearby boulders. However, in the sandy deposits north of the boulders small quantities of chert and quartz flakes were seen in eroded vehicle tracks and blowouts. This site would be interesting to investigate thoroughly and would make an interesting location for reconstruction and interpretation. I would guess that the culture and dating would be the Intermediate Indian period based on the elevation and lack of any observable Maritime Archaic or Recent Indian features. If this is correct, this site would represent an important component for a cultural history presentation as house remains from this period are not known from Newfoundland or Labrador.

11

The third location visited was a site previously identified (EiBh-47) at the head of Brador Bay, on the mainland north of He du Parasseux, where Clifford Hart has a small cottage. This location is in fact a complex of sites that was initially investigated by Rene Levesque (1968), who made some initial test excavations. Although the location has been visited by others, no systematic work seems to have been undertaken. South of Hart’s cottage, between it and the shore, Levesque located what he considered to be a Basque component containing tiles, bricks, and a whalebone sluiceway or trough. We did not test this area, which today is covered with vegetation, but we inspected the shore and found no signs of tiles or other early materials. However, small fragments of red earthenware (tiles? brick?) were noticed around the north side of the Hart dwelling (elevation ca. 26 feet) in the vicinity of unusual indentations and lumps in the ground that may represent subsurface features. Fifty meters north of the house in a bull¬ dozed clearing we found traces of Groswater artifacts in a small garden plot (30 feet a.s.L), a cluster of brown quartzite flakes in the spur road leading to the Hart ‘chalet’, and along the access road leading west at the base of a rocky hillside, large quantities of flakes of red and green slate and various types of chert, including Ramah chert. Where the road passes the southeast comer of a rocky outcrop at the edge of the bull-dozed road, we recovered a small grindstone fragment at the same location (ca. 42 feet a.s.l.) where Hart had earlier recovered a cache of weathered slate gouges or celts. A few meters to the west we found a small-size stemmed point of Ramah and at a slightly lower elevation an end scraper made on a large linear flake of opaque chert. Thus within this locale of no more than a few hundred square meters we noted traces of at least five chronologically-discrete components: Basque or later European, Groswater, Saunders/Intemiediate Indian, Recent Indian, and Late Maritime Archaic sites. It is not obvious why such a concentration of site components should occur at this location nor how much of this material still remains in situ and could be excavated.

We also briefly inspected three other locations: the two Early Maritime Archaic burial mounds(EiBh-59,60) excavated by Levesque (1969b, 1975), located on a high sand and gravel beach ridge about half a kilometer from Highway 138; the Courtemanche post (EiBh-34; Levesque 1968) in the middle of Brador just west of the highway; and the Courtemanche ‘cart track’ (EiBh-126), a roadbed beaten into the ground that can be seen ascending the hillside east of the highway a few hundred meters south of Brador town. Each of these sites could make important contributions to a local heritage and tourism program. The mounds, situated in a dramatic physical setting, need reconstruction and stabilization; the Courtemanche site is of great historic significance but has never been throughly mapped, excavated, and interpreted; and the cart road leading from the Courtemanche site northeast toward L’Anse au Clair provides a tangible human link with this early permanent settlement period, about which so much is known from the records of Charles Martel de Brouague who succeeded Courtemanche here in 1717.

Summary

Although of only three weeks’ duration, our survey provided an opportunity to sample a number of localities in the 550 km of coast from the western Mingan Islands to Blanc-Sablon. This is the first time, at least in recent years, that the entire Lower North Shore has been inspected for archaeological sites at one time. The perspective taken for this project was from the outer coast rather than from the bays, river mouths, towns, and raised beaches of the mainland

12

shores which have been surveyed, extensively in some cases, in response to highway and development projects. Although we were able to visit a few villages, we did not attempt to survey bay and inshore regions because many of these are extremely complex regions with myriads of islands and uncharted waters. To work such areas requires investigation by parties traveling by small boat, and during this brief survey we did not have time for such an intensive operation. We also had neither funds nor time to engage local guides and inquire in detail with local residents about sites in or in the vicinity of their village areas.

The field techniques utilized were of a rapid survey nature. We selected target regions in areas of major island complexes and headlands. Where raised beaches were found in such locations we inspected them, but we found few such locations in most regions of the outer coast. Outer coast beaches were usually composed of boulders that lacked sandy deposits. Because of the cursory nature of the survey we did not conduct excavations and relied on surface indications such as rock structures, pits, and other visible features to provide indications and attributions of sites. Where such signs were absent in prospective locations we made shovel tests but rarely tested locations with units larger than 50x50cm test pits. For this reason we may have failed to identify sites that were present at some of these study locations. All artifacts, bones, charcoal, and other cultural materials were collected, and sites were photographed, sketch-mapped, located by GPS, and measured for elevation above sea level. This survey approach had all the shortcomings of a project that needed to sample a large, diverse region in a short period of time. Shore stops were brief, and there rarely was sufficient time to inspect prospective site locations thoroughly. Further complicating the process was the fact that in this region even outer coast locations tended to have heavy vegetation cover and few natural exposures.

Despite these difficulties the survey was highly successful. Ten new sites were discovered in the Mingan National Park territory and three important European sites that had been previously discovered or investigated were visited, these being the lie Nue Basque site (EbDa-6), the Louis Jolliet residence (EbCx-1), and the Henri Puyjalon grave. While the newly recorded sites in this region consisted exclusively of rock structures and tent rings that did not contain indications of artifacts and cultural deposits and could not be identified as to age or culture, excavation might prove otherwise, particularly in the case of the structures at Cape Seche on He Niapiskau (EbCw-56). The relocation of the Jolliet site is important because this location may have other structures that were not excavated when Levesque conducted his work years ago, and because this site has the potential for development as a heritage site of special interest to the public. The He Nue Basque site would also be of major scientific and public interest and should be excavated and interpreted as soon as possible; and efforts should be made to find the dwelling of Henri Puyjalon on lie a la Chasse and investigate the lie aux Sauvages “moose garden”. The newly recorded sites should also be investigated to see if subsurface remains exist that might clarify their age and identity. Overall, however, the Mingan survey suggests that these islands were not heavily utilized by native peoples or European settlers during either prehistoric or historic times. Rather they seem to have been used lightly and periodically by groups that maintained seasonal or permanent residences on the mainland, especially near the river-mouths, where previous surveys have identified considerable numbers of sites.

13

In the region between the Mingan Island and Blanc-Sablon we discovered and documented 26 sites, including two previously unknown Basque sites, several Maritime Archaic sites, a Paleoeskimo site (probably Groswater), several post-MA Indian sites, and several 19/20th century European sites. In addition we inspected and documented several private collections containing prehistoric Indian materials.

One of the goals of the project was to survey for signs of Inuit or Paleoeskimo culture sites along the Lower North Shore, which has been a matter of much discussion in the literature, especially for the historic period (Martijn 1980). Much to our surprise we found no evidence of the characteristic types of Inuit dwellings known from the Labrador coast anywhere in the survey area. While the large rectangular Cap Seche structure in the Mingans has the form of a rectangular 17- 18th century Labrador Inuit dwelling, it lacked other diagnostic hearth features and contained (on the basis of surface inspection) no observable Inuit artifacts; although not excavated, its seems unlikely to be of Inuit origin since there is no other indication that historic Inuit ever reached this far west in the Gulf. Although we expected to find increasing sign of Inuit activity in the areas closer to Blanc-Sablon (e.g. Groison et al. 1985), in fact no certain sign of Inuit settlements appeared, even in areas like Vieux Fort and Middle Bay where historical sources and archaeological evidence (Dumais and Poirier 1994) indicate Inuit activity. Records suggest St. Augustin may have been frequented by Inuit, but we were not able to visit this region at all. In general our surveys were too cursory to be taken as anything other than general support for the existing view that Inuit activity in the eastern LNS was quite limited. Of the sites found, the most interesting prospect for possible Inuit occupation is the house foundations noted (but not adequately tested) on He Checatica (EhBn-1). These large high-walled sod foundations seem unlikely to be of European origin primarily because of the site’s exposed location, absence of a good harbor, and adjacency to a ‘rattle’ that would have been an ideal seal-hunting location. Although our survey produced little to change the status of current knowledge of Inuit penetration, settlement, and contacts in the eastern portion of the LNS, the subject still remains an important one for future archaeological research.

Although archaeological evidence of recent Inuit sites is rare, Paleoeskimo remains do exist in this region. It seems unlikely that Wintemberg found Dorset or Groswater artifacts at Kegashka in 1928 (de Laguna 1946; Taylor 1964; Pintal and Martijn, in press). Our survey failed to locate Dorset sites or artifacts in the regions we surveyed along the entire LNS, other than a small possible Dorset chipping station on lie Bilodeau (EhBl-1). However, the discovery of what appears to be a Groswater biface base and flakes of the type of opaque southwestern Newfoundland chert of the type frequently used by Groswater culture suggests that this transitional Paleoeskimo culture occupied regions as far west as the St. Mary Islands west of Harrington. Groswater presence has also been documented in Blanc-Sablon (Pintal 1994).

In contrast to the absence of Inuit archaeology and minor Paleoeskimo traces, signs of Indian occupations were far more abundant, although by no means prevalent, in the outer coast region. Most of the prehistoric Indian sites found in previous contract surveys of the LNS have been from near the mouths of the rivers and streams and especially in the modem villages which tend to be located in these areas. Quartz sites with small rounded end scrapers dating to the Early or Middle Maritime Archaic periods seem to be more common in the eastern part of the outer

14

coast in the regions east of Harrington where high land occurs at the coast without an extensive island barrier. Late Maritime Archaic sites are indicated by small tapered stemmed points collected at sites at Natashquan, which may be near the western limit of the Maritime Archaic culture, and Brador Bay. The latter area in particular has huge Maritime Archaic sites of many different periods, including burial mounds and caches of slate blanks imported from Newfoundland. The presence of Maritime Archaic long-houses, caches, and possibly burial mounds on the boulder beaches of southern Petite Mecatina offers a chance to study these expressions in distinctly outer coast environment and is presently the southern and western limit known for this settlement type.

Our work confirms previous evidence for Indian occupations of the post-Maritime Archaic period ca. 3000-3500 B.P. Based on inspection of private collections in Mingan, Kegashka, Baie Mouton, and Brador, there is a substantial occupation of the LNS by peoples related to what has been called the Saunders Complex or Intermediate Indian on the central Labrador coast. Tool forms including round-based side-notched points and large end scrapers are similar to finds from Labrador dated to this period. While Labrador sites of this period are characterized by large 2-3 meter diameter cobble hearth floors at sandy sites with no suggestion of house types, so far there is no evidence for this settlement pattern on the LNS. For this reason it will be interesting to see if excavations at boulder pit-houses and related structures found in the vicinity of Havre des Belles Amours at 30-35 feet elevations date to the Intermediate period. These structures do not confonn to Maritime Archaic types and seem to high to date to the late prehistoric period. Because structures of this type have not been found in Labrador or Newfoundland, where Early and Late Prehistoric Indian settlement types are better known, it makes some sense to consider that they may belong to the Intermediate period, ca. 3500-1500 B.P. For this reason, excavations of these sites might produce important new information if cultural materials and dating samples can be recovered from these sites.

Finally, with the exception of a small site at Net Island Tickle (EiBl-7) west of Vieux Fort, our survey revealed little prehistoric material from the Recent Indian or proto-Innu period ca. 1500-500 B.P. Data from this period seems to be more common at river mouth sites than from the outer coast, suggesting that outer coast maritime resources were not very important to these groups. What is unusual about this period is the large amount of Ramah chert noted in some collections, notably the Stubbert cache (EbCh-1) from Kegashka, if in fact this cache dates to this period. The large number of large, finely-made Ramah chert blanks in this collection makes it of special importance and provides evidence of the existence of extensive trade networks dating to this period. We have been accustomed to Ramah chert raw material and style tools related to the Daniel’s Rattle and Point Revenge complexes of central Labrador appearing in Newfoundland, the southern Maritimes, and New England in Late Maritime Archaic and Middle Woodland contexts, but generally not at sites in the Gulf. The Kegashka cache and finds of Ramah chert in late prehistoric collections further west suggests more extensive western movement of Ramah than previously known, and more extensive contacts with Labrador at this time than in any other period in the region’s prehistory. The presence of similar caches in Brador and southern Labrador suggests that these movements occurred along the coast rather than through the interior.

15

Summarizing the results above, the Gateways 2001 project sampled a variety of outer coastal regions along the LMS from Mingan to Blanc Sablon. The survey supports much of the evidence obtained during previous research in this region but adds significant knowledge of certain locations and problems. Evidence of Paleoeskimo and Inuit occupations of the western LNS appears non-existent, while the eastern areas as far west as Cape Whittle have seen at least limited settlement by Groswater and Dorset Paleoeskimo culture. Inuit penetration westward from Blanc Sablon is even more restricted and has left a minimal archaeological signature dating in the historical period. After peaking in the Maritime Archaic period, middle and late period prehistoric Indian use of the outer coast seems to have become less maritime-oriented through time. Of particular note is the scarcity of prehistoric sites in the Mingan Islands and in the outer island passages between Cape Whittle and Petite Mecatina that would appear to offer excellent settlement and resource prospects. Similar environments in Labrador were active settlement areas for both Indian and Eskimo/Inuit groups. Thus, while much of the physical environment and climate of the Quebec LNS resembles the coast of central and southern Labrador, conditions here did not provide the economic base to sustain the long-term cultural diversity, especially of Eskimo/Inuit cultures, that flourished in the more maritime regions to the east. On the other hand, contacts between the LNS and Labrador Indian groups appear to have been strong throughout prehistory, particularly during the Maritime Archaic and late prehistoric periods.

Acknowledgments

Our field project benefitted from the assistance of many people and organizations. I greatly appreciate the encouragement and assistance of the Quebec Ministry staff, including Gilles Samson and Claudine Giroux. Rene Levesque encouraged me to undertake this project and assisted in part of the planning and fieldwork. I would like to thank Jean -Yves Pintal and Pablo Somsynski for research assistance, and interns Saskia Wrausman and Valerie Boudreault who conducted research that helped familiarize me with the published literature and archaeological records. Valerie provided an important entree to Innu communities. She, Cristie Boone, and Matthew Gallon were fine field assistants, and Perry Colboume skippered the Pitsiulak with his usual skill and humor. We received important assistance from Parks Canada in Mingan, especially from Stephane Marchand and Roberge Benoit, and from Pierre Drouin in the Parks Canada Regional Office in Quebec; I want to especially thank Park Warden Charles Kavanagh, whose intimate knowledge of the Mingan Islands, navigational skill, and expert boatsmanship greatly aided our work. RCMP officer Robert Veilleux also provided important assistance on a number of occasions. Selma Barkham accompanied the project from Newfoundland to Mingan and helped inform us on matters Basque. Other project members including photographer Will Richard, Steven and Janice Young, and Lynne Fitzhugh, brought much specialized knowledge and help. Clifford Hart and his wife Florence provided assistance in Brador, and innumerable others helped us elsewhere along the way by sharing infonnation and allowing us to see private collections. I want to thank especially those who provided some of the financial support for the project, including the Arctic Studies Center, the National Museum of Natural History, and donors General Raymond Mason and Robert Malott. Rene Levesque also facilitated an important contribution via Patsy Kayes from La Societe d’Aide aux Communitees de la Basse Cote Nord.

16

References Cited

Barkham, S.

1 980 A note on the Strait of Belle-Isle during the period of Basque contact with Indians and Inuit. Etudes /Inuit/ Studies 4(1-2): 51-58.

Beaudin, L., P. Dumais, and G. Rousseau

1987 Un site archaique de la baie des Belles Amours, Basse-Cote-Nord. Recherches Amerindiennes au Quebec 17(2): 115-132.

Chapdelaine Claude, and E. Chalifoux

1994 Inventaire archeologique. Route 138 Natashquan-Kegashka. Division des etudes environnementales est. Ministere des Transports, Quebec.

Charest, P.

1998 Les Inuit du Labrador canadien au milieu du siecle dernier et leurs descendents de la Basse-Cote-Nord. Etudes Inuit Studies 22(1): 5-35.

Chism, James V.

1980a Etudes d’impact sur l’environnement, Route 138, Natashquan-Kegashka; analyse du milieu et localization des corridors. MTQ, Service de l’Environment, Ministere des Transports. Pp. 1 1 1-224.

1980b Notes sur le site EbCh-1. Report on deposit at the Ministere des Affaires Culturelles, Quebec.

1982 Etude d’impact sur l’environnement, Route 138, Natashquan-Kegashka; analyse du milieu et localization des corridors. Service de P Environment, Ministere des Transports, Quebec.

de Laguna, Frederica

1946 The Importance of the Eskimo in Northeastern Archaeology. In Man in

Northeastern North America, edited by F. Johnson, pp. 106- 142. Papers of the R. S, Peabody Foundation for Archaeology 3, Philips Academy, Andover,

~ ' Massachusetts. > ( (

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Dumais, P., and J. Poirier $ U I M ^

1994 Temoignage d’un site archeologique Inuit, Baie des Belles Amours, Basse-Cote- Nord. Recherches Amerindiennes au Quebec 24(1-2): 18-30.

l tiA

Groison et al.

1985 Programme de recherches archeologiques. Municipalite de la Cote-Nord-du- golfe-St-Laurent, Activites 1984-1985. Ministere de la Culture et des Communications, Quebec.

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Harp, Elmer, Jr.

1963 Evidence of Boreal Archaic Cultures in Southern Labrador and Newfoundland. National Museum of Canada Bulletin 192(1): 184-261.

1964 The Cultural Affinities of the Newfoundland Dorset Eskimo. National Museum of Canada Bulletin 200, Ottawa.

Levesque, R.

1962 Les richesses archeologiques du Quebec. La Societe d’Archeologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke.

1968 L ’archeologie a Brador. Preliminary report on file at la Societe d’archeologie de la Cdte-Nord.

1969a Rapport preliminaire official concemant les fouilles archeologiques de Brador. Report on file at Ministere des Affaires culturelles, Quebec.

1969b Une tradition d tumulus au detroit de Belle-Isle. Societe d 5 archeologie de la Cdte- Nord, Sherbrooke.

1971 La seigneurie des lies et des ilets de Mingan. Lemeac, Montreal.

1972 Description preliminaire detail lee de quatre saisons de fouilles archeologiques dans le region de Blanc Sab Ion, au detroit de Belle-Isle (1968-1971). Report on file at Ministere des Affaires Culturelles, Quebec.

1975 Excavation du tumulus 151-7 a Blanc-Sablon. Report on file at Ministere des Affaires Culturelles, Quebec.

1976 Cadre geographique des gisements archeologiques de la region de Blanc-Sablon. Master's thesis, University of Sherbrook.

Loring, S.

1992 Princes and Princesses of Ragged Fame: Innu Archaeology and Eihnohistory in Labrador. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Massaschusetts.

Martijn, Charles A.

1972 Archaeological Research on the St. Lawrence North Shore, Quebec: St. Paul River and Old Fort- Summer 1972. Report on file at Ministere des Affaires Culturelles, Quebec.

1974 Archaeological research on the Lower Saint-Lawrence North-Shore, Quebec. In Archaeological Salvage Projects 1972, edited by W. J. Byrne, pp. 112-130.

18

Mercury Series Paper No. 15, Archaeological Survey of Canada, National Museum of Man, Ottawa.

1980 La presence Inuit sur la cote-nord du Golfe St-Laurent a l’epoque historique. Etudes Inuit Studies 4(1-2): 105-125.

1990 The Iroquoian Presence in the Estuary and Gulf of the Saint Lawrence River Valley: a Reevaluation. Man in the Northeast 40:45-63.

Niellon, F.

1996 Du territoire autochtone au territoire partage: le Labrador, 1650-1830. In Histoire de la Cote-Nord, edited by Pierre Frenette, pp. 135-178. Les Presses de l’Universite Laval, Quebec.

Pintal, J.-Y.

1989 Contributions a la prehistoire recente de Blanc-Sablon. In: En Marche entre deux mondes: Prehistoire recente au Quebec, au Labrador et a Terre-Neuve, edited by Moira T. McCaffrey and P. Dumais. Recherches Amerindiennes au Quebec 19(2- 3):33-44.

1994 A Groswater site at Blanc-Sablon, Quebec. In Threads in Arctic Prehistory: Papers in Honour of William E. Taylor, Jr. edited by D. Morrison and J.-L. Pilon, pp. 145-164. Mercury Series Paper No. 149, Archaeological Survey of Canada, Canadian Museum of Civilization, Ottawa.

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Quebec. Report on fde at Ministere des Affaires indiennes et du Nord Canada, Quebec.

1996 Inventaire archeologiques a Unamen Shipi, Basse-Cote-Nord, Quebec. Report on file at Ministere des Affaires indiennes et du Nord Canada, Quebec.

1998 Aux Fronteres de la mer: La Prehistoire de Blanc Sablon. Les Publications du Quebec, Dossiers 102, Collection patrimonies et Municipality de Blanc-Sablon, Quebec.

2000 Composante de PArcha'fque ancine au Cap-de-Bon-Desir, Grandes Bergerronnes. Archeologiques 13:1-11.

Pintal, J.-Y. et D. Groison

1987 Recherches en archeologie prehistorique sur la Basse-Cote-Nord: Region de Vieux-Fort et de Blanc-Sablon. Report on file at Ministere des Affaires Culturelles, Quebec.

19

Pintal, Jean- Yves, and Charles A. Martijn

in press Early Bird Archaeologists Among the Bake-Apples: a Quick Swoop Along Quebec’s Lower North Shore. In HonoringOur Elders: History of Eastern Arctic Archaeology. A Festschrift to Elmer Harp, Jr edited by William W. Fitzhugh, Stephen Loring, and Daniel Odess. Contributions to Circumpolar Archaeology, 1. Arctic Studies Center, Smithsonian Institution. Washington: Arctic Studies Center.

Plumet, P., C. Lascombes, V. Elliot, M. Laurent, and A Delisle

1994 La question de la coexistence du paleoesquimau et de l’amerindien. Paleo-Quebec 21. Recherches Amerindiennes au Quebec , Montreal.

Rousseau, G.

1982 Inventaire et sauvetage archeologiques a Brador/Middle Bay, 1981. MAC, Report, p. 130.

Somcynski, P.

1989 Reconnaissance archeologique sur le corridor d ’ etude du prolongement de la route 138 entre Havre-Saint-Pierre et riviere Pashashibou, Conseil Attikamek- Montaignais, rapport depose au ministere des Affaires culturelles, Quebec.

Taylor, W. E., Jr.

1 964 The Prehistory of the Quebec-Labrador Peninsula. In Le Nouveau-Quebec: Contribution d I’etude de l ’occupation humaine, edited by J. Malaurie and J. Rousseau, pp. 181-210. Bibliotheque Arctique et Antarctique 2. Mouton, Paris.

Wintemberg, William J.

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1942 The geographical Distribution of Aboriginal Potter in Canada. American Antiquity 8(2): 129-141.

20

Appendix I

The Smithsonian Lower North Shore Project, Quebec - 2001

During August, 2001, the Smithsonian’s Arctic Studies Center will conduct an archaeological and environmental survey of the Lower North Shore in Quebec between Blanc-Sablon and Mingan. The project is being conducted in collaboration with Quebec archaeologists and with the assistance of students from the United States and Laval University.

The project will make an initial reconnaissance of this little-known region of the Gulf of St. Lawrence to determine the nature and extent of archaeological remains present in the region. We plan to compile an inventory of cultural complexes, sites types, settlement and subsistence patterns and will gather information on modem and past biological and geological features of the region. Among the archaeological questions to be investigated are the western limit of Inuit and Paleoeskimo sites; the nature of late Indian prehistory and of Intermediate Period (3500-1500 BP) Indian settlements; and the character of the earliest Indian settlements of the Maritime Archaic and/or Laurentian peoples. Types of sites, preferred settlement locales, dates, and associated features will be recorded. Information on paleoenvironment, local geology, and botany will be gathered. Contacts will be made with local residents, and information on history, oral history, and archaeology will be gathered.

One of the interesting problems for the LNS is the relationship of this region to the better-known archaeological regions of Labrador, Newfoundland, and the Upper Gulf and southern Maritimes region. It is hoped that this survey will lead to further work linking the cultures of the northern Gulf of St. Lawrence into a broader picture of prehistory and historic settlement. Such a perspective is currently lacking because of the limited nature of archaeological research in the Lower North Shore region makes it almost impossible to understand cultural relations throughout the Lower Gulf region. It is also important to establish the relationship between Native Innu and other Indian groups with the early European settlements of this region, and the history of contact between Europeans and Native peoples during the past four hundred years.

The LNS Project will seek to integrate cultural and environmental perspectives into a synthetic view of cultural history and adaptations over a ten-thousand year period. Toward this end, the project will establish contacts with other research groups and will develop a plan for future research, publication, workshops, and collaboration. It is hoped that the information gained this year, and in future years if funds can be found to continue the project, will prove to be useful for community development, establishment of bio¬ reserves, tourism, and training of local residents in scientific studies. Special concern will be directed at involving native communities and residents of the LNS region in the research program, and in the future it may be possible to provide training opportunities for Native students and local LNS residents.

Appendix II.

Smithsonian 2001 LNS Site List

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~rk. a Joe. (Bk Da-6) ^ X/l

' EDITION :

reserve de pare national I'ARCHIPEL-DE-MINGAI

EE- l Cl dfu pjaufs cU~

S7--X,

EXAMPLE OF METHOD OSLO TO GIVE A REFERENCE TO NEAREST 100 METRES EXTMI'EE OE EA METHOOE EMPt OXEE POOR FIXER OES REPERES A 100 METRES PRES

99

98

95

97

98

REFERENCE POINT irxx-c <3sabo‘'el

CHU RCH - EGLI:>E . <flir, POINT OE REPERE (ci-dessus)

EASTING Read number on grid line immediately to left of point LONGITUDE ESI Noter le chiffre de fa ligne du quadrillage immediatement a gauche du repere

Estimate tenths of a square from

this line eastward to point

Estimer le nombre de dixiemes du carre

enlre Cette ligne et le repere en direction est

97

_ 5_ 975

NORTHING Read number on grid line immediately below point LATITUDE WORD Noter le chiffre de la ligne du quadrillage immediatement en dessous du repere. 98

Estimate tenths of a square from this line northward to point Estimer le nombre de dixiemes du carre

enlre cette ligne et le repere en direction nord _

GRID REFERENCE 984

REFERENCE AUOUAORIUAGE 975984

nearest s»m«fa< grid reference 100 000 metres (about 63 m*!es) la prochame reference similaue est a 100.000 metres (enw<ron 63 milles)

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65*00' 50°45T

50*00'

22-1/10	22-1/9	12L/12
22-1/7	1 22 1/8 S	12 E/5
22-1/2	22-1/1	12 174

63*30' 50*45'

50°00

65*00-

63*30'

I

EUblie par la DIRECTION DES LEVES ET DE LA CARTOGRAPHIC. MINISTERS DE L ENERGIE. DES MINES ET DES RESSOURCES. Mise a jour a I aide de photographies aenennes puses en 1976. Verification des outrages en 1977 Renseignements a jour en 1977.

INDEX TO AOiOINING MAPS OF THE NATIONAL TOPOGRAPHIC SYSTEM

I

Ces cartes son! en vente au Bureau des Cartes du Canada, ministere de LEnergie. des Mines et des Ressources. Ottawa, ou chez le vendeur le plus pres.

Ministere de LEnergie. des Mines et des Ressources.

MINGAN

22-1/8

EDITION 2

« A/r

J ol/i'zi (£kCx-l)

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22-1/1

auK 'Boo /tt ox

(&> 0*-5U)

Military users, refer to this map as	SERIES	2 MCE	SERIE
MAP	22-1/1	CARIE
Reference de cette carte
pour usage militaire:	EDITION	A 761	EDITION

GLOSSAIRE GLOSSARY

Abreuvoir

Arena

Belvedere . . .

Chemm d htver 0ebl3i de mme Oepotoir Douane fa u .

Ferradle

fondriere a filaments .

fosse

four

foyer de I age d or

Gaz . .

Ligne arpentee limites de vide Parc . . .

P3tmoire .

Puits de petrole . . Reservoir . . .

Station d€ Ski Terrain d aviation Terrain de golf Usine de filtration

Ougout Arena Lookout Winter Road Mme Waste Dump Customs Water Junk Yard . String Bog Oitch - Kiln

. Senior Citizens Home Gas

Surveyed Line City limits Pa if . Rink Oil Wells Tank Ski Area Airfield Coif Course Filtration Plant

Pour un glossaire complet voir au verso for a complete glossary see reverse side

A8REVIATI0NS ABBREVIATIONS

A band	Abandonne. ee .	Abandoned
P ...	Bureau de poste	Post Office
CE . .	Centrale elecfnque . .	Power House
c. ...	Cimetiere .	Cemetery
CTt	Comte .	County
t	Elevateur ......	Elevator
GRC	Gendarmerie Royale Canadienne
	Royal Canadian Mounted Police
H	Hopdal .	Hospital
Micro	Micro ondes	. Microwave
Mun . .	Mumcipalite	Municipality
Poste de tr ansf . Poste de transformaleurs	Transformer Station
Rl .	Reserve indienne	Indian Reserve
Res..	Reservoir ........	Reservoir
Trav	. Traversier .	. ferry

IN

NG

\ 24"09-

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429 Mils S

t\ .---t

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POUR FIXER DES REPERES A 100 METRES PRES EXAMPLE Of METHOD USEO TO GIVE A REEERE11CE TO NEAREST 100 METRES

99 I —

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95 96

97

93

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POINT 06 REPERE ici dessus)

EGUSE - CHURCH

REFERENCE POINT os above)

ABSCISSE. No (er le chiffre de :a l:gne du quad.'illage immediatement a gauche do rep ere

EASTING Read numt^er or. grid 'me immediately tc left c-f pom?-.

Estimer le nombre de dmemes d:? carre entre cette hgoe et le .epere en direction es: Estimate tenths of a square from this line eastward tc point

975

98

OROONNEE Noter le chiffre de ia bene

du quadntlage immediatement en dessous du repere

NORTHING: Read number on grid one immediately below point cstimer le rombre de dixiecr.es du carre entre cette hgne et le repere en direction nord Estimate tenths of a square iron this line northward to point REFERENCE A'J QUAORiiLAGE 984

GRID REFERENCE 975984

La prcchame reference similaire est a :00 000 metres Nearest simitar grid reference iOO 000 metres

12-0/4	120/3	12-0/2
12 1/13	\| 12 1/14 \|	12 1/15
12 1/12	12 1/1!	12 1/10

58°30' 5ri5'

60W

58°30'

Tableau d'assemfciage du Systeme national de reference cartographique Index to adjoining Maps of the National Topographic System

ft NAD 83 (WGS 84)

ionne/ 0,22’ .raire 3.09'

oCditiGfiner 224n> ad-Mionner 55m

Produced by the SURVEYS AND MAPPING BRANCH DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY. MINES AND RESOURCES.’ Updated from aerial photographs taken in 1981 Culture check 1982. Published in 1984.

f.K'i ;?• - :

r :

Copies may be obtained from the Canada Map Office. Department of Energy. Mines and Resources. Ottawa, or your nearest map dealer

tO 83 (WGS 84) ■nap

I 0. IT

tract 3.09“

224 n 66m

) 1 984 Her Majesty the Oueen in Right of Canada Department of Energy. Mines and Resources.

■*

BAIE-DES-MOUTONS 12 J/14

EDITION 2 EDITION •

Energie, Mines.et Energy, Mines and

Ressources Canada Resources Canada

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Ltablie par la DIRECTION DES LEVES ET DE LA CARTOGRAPHIC, MINISTERE DE L'ENERGI E, DES MINES ET DES RESSOURCES. Mise a jour a I'aide de photographies aeriennes prises en 1981 Verification des ouvrages en 1982. Publiee en 1984.

Ces cartes son! en vente au Bureau des Cartes du Canada, ministere de ITnergie. des Mines et des Ressources. Ottawa, ou chez le vendeur le plus pres.

Ministere de I Lnergie, des Mines et des Ressources.

/A HeuU.'l

11 Jjis-

■H*-

W icv

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1:50 000 Scale

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2000

3000

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0

1000

2000

3000

4000 Yards

- j=B

Foul lout renseignement concernant les reperes et homes altimebnjues. s adtesser aur leves geode siqoes. Direction des leves et de la caitographie. Ottawa.

Information concern be obtained (tom Ce

(zCHELLE DE Metres 30 20 10 0

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Section 3:

Surface Inspection and Test Pit Catalog

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Section 4:

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Section 5: Significant Photos

LNS.0 1 .50. Mingan surface collection from beach (private collection).

Pierre Cousineau/ Gratia Maloney collection.

LNS.0 1.51. Mingan surface collection from beach (private collection).

Pierre Cousineau/ Gratia Maloney collection.

LNS.0 1 .52. Mingan surface collection from beach (private collection).

Mingan Harbor Island. LNS.01.53. tiles/brick and glass.

lie Nue.

LNS.01.54. Basque tile.

lie Nue. (EbDa-6)

LNS.01.55. Selma Barkham near Basque furnace.

lie du Havre- 1 , Pointe a PEnclume. LNS.01.56. rock alignment.

LNS.01.57. rock alignment.

lie St. Charles West.

LNS.01.58. structural rocks on beach.

Hughie Stubbert Cache (EbCh- 1 ) LNS.01.59. Kegashka.

Hughie Stubbert Cache (EbCh- 1 ).

LNS.0 1 .60. blanks stacked as they were found.

Hughie Stubbert Cache (EbCh-1). LNS.01.61. biface blank.

Hughie Stubbert Cache (EbCh-1).

LNS.01.62. biface blank close-up.

Petit Mecatina-3 (EdBt-3). LNS.01.63. Basque tiles.

Baie des Moutons-2 (EdBt-2). LNS.01.64. M. A. site.

Baie des Moutons-3 (EdBt-3). LNS.01.65. M. A. site.

Baie des Moutons- 1 (EeBs-1). LNS.01.66. Morency collection.

Baie des Moutons- 1 (EeBs-1).

LNS.0 1 .67. Morency collection- “fish spear.”

Baiedes Moutons-1 (EeBs-1).

LNS.0 1 .68. Morency home (site in area around trees).

Havre Boulet (EeBr- 1 3). LNS.01.69. Basque site.

Baie des Moutons-3 (EdBt-3).

LNS.01.70. M. A. artifacts.

He Mistanoque-2 (EhBn-3).

LNS.0E7 1 . crescent shaped boulder structure.

lie du Vieux Fort-2 (EiBk-5 1 ). LNS.01.73. ionghouse’??

lie Checatika- 1 (EhBn- 1 ). LNS.01.72. sod foundations.

Havre des Belles Amours (EiBi-14). LNS.01 .74. previously excavated nearth.

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Belles Amours Pointe (EiBi- 1 9).

LNS.01. 75. 2 rectangular boulder structures.

Clifford Hart Home Cache (EiBh-41).

LNS.0 1 .76. artifacts from basement excavation in Brador.

Clifford Hart Chalet Cache (EiBh-47). LNS.01.77. NW of Brador.

Clifford Hart Home Cache (EiBh-41). LNS.01.78. Brador.

Peninsula des Belles Amours (EiBi-7). LNS.01.79. boulder structures.

Peninsula des Belles Amours (EiBi-7). LNS.01.80. boulder structure.

Clifford Hart Chalet site (EiBh-47). LNS.01.81.

Clifford Hart Chalet Site (EiBh-47). LNS.01.82. Basque area?

Tumulus de Brador (EiBh-59,60). LNS.01.83. M. A. burial mound.

m

LNS.01.84. Brador.

Commanderie Courtemanche (EiBh-34).

LNS.01.85. Brador.

Courtemanche Cart Track (EiBh- 1 26). LNS.01.86. Brador.

lie du Havre, Mingan.

LNS.01 .87. a-d: glass sherds; e-m: tile fragments.

Baie des Moutons-2 (EeBs-2).

LNS.0 1.88. a: slate celt bit; b:qtzte. mid-section; c: white qtzte. p.e.; d: red chert end-scraper e; red qtzte. tip.

Baie des Moutons-3, L-4 (EeBs-3).

LNS.01.89. a, e-h: qtz. p.e.; b-d: qtz. end scraper.

Baie des Moutons-3, L-2 (EeBs-3).

LNS.01 .90. a:grey chert biface base; b: grey qtzte. indented base; c:red qtzte. stemmed(/) biface; d: white chert biface midsection; e:white qtzte. biface base; f: white qtz. biface tip.

Petit Mecatina-3,TP-2 (EdBt-3)

a f^r - 2-

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Pointe Scalnet-2 (EcBw-2).

LNS.01 .92. Groswater bifacial knife base.

La Rornaine.

LNS.01.93. a-i: 19thc. ceramic sherds; j-n: 19thc. glass sherds.

Havre Boulet (EeBr- 1 3). LNS.01.94. Basque tile.

Petit Mecatina-3, TP-2 (EdBt-3).

LNS.0 1 .95. a,b: Basque tiles; c: sherd of thin glass; d-g: iron nails.

Petit Mecatina-35 TP-2 (EdBt-3).

LNS.0 1 .96. a5b: Basque tile sherds; c: sherd of thin glass; d-g: iron nails.

LNS.0 1 .97. Basque tiie sherd.

Iledu VieuxFort-I (EiBk-50).

LNS.Ol .98. a,b: glass sherds; c-e: iron nails.

LNS.01.99. piece of leather.

n ^ > 2 Msl T a * * y *	^ ' 7l' * 1
		iwSjiffeij

Havre des Belles Amours Pointe (EiBi-20).

LNS.01.100. a,b: 19thc. glass sherds; c:19thc. ceramic sherd; d,e: iron nails.

LNS.0 1.101. a,b: thin sherds of green curved glass.

lie Net Tickle, L-l (EiBl-7).

LNS.0 1.102. a:European glass sherd; b-e: Prehistoric flakes; f: European cut nail.

Petit Mecatina-3, TP 1 (EdBt-3)

LNS.0 1.103. Basque tile

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Petit Mecatina-3, shelter surface collection (EdBt-3). LNS.0 1.104. a, b: cut whalebone.

LNS.01. 105. a: MA Ramah chert stemmed point; b: weathered green slate flake; c: ground red slate chip; d: Groswater biface knife tip; e: pink chert flake end scraper; f: black chert flake; g: red sandstone grindstone; h: grey chert flake.

He Checatika (EliBn-1).

LNS.0 1 . 1 06. a-c: annular ware sherds; d, f-h: earthenware spalls; e:undiagnostic ceramic sherd.

Section 6: Artifact Catalog

Smithsonian 2001 LNS Artifact Catalog

£

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Material

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quartz, red and purple quartzite, Ramah,

slate of a very degraded/ leached sort,

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|tan qtzte., SW Nfld. chert, and tan chert?

(tan qtzte., SW Nfld. chert, and tan chert?

[tan ceramics

Artifact Type/ Name

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[lie Bilodeau

file Bilodeau i

Section 7: Photo Catalog

Smithsonian 2001 LNS Photo Catalog

Format |

Polaroid 1

Polaroid j

Polaroid

Polaroid 1

Polaroid !

Polaroid i

Polaroid

Polaroid !

Polaroid

(Polaroid

(Polaroid i

Polaroid (

Polaroid |

(Polaroid j

Polaroid |

Polaroid

Polaroid |

Polaroid S

Polaroid

Polaroid !

Polaroid

Subject |

view N, rock slab structure with basque ovens on islet in background right |

view E

overgrown excavated area 1

view S toward tip of W peninsula, S-1 and S-2

S-1

view N, rock structure

rock alignment i

rock alignment j

view SE from center of clearing !

view S

view SW

view W

view NE, Cristie in feature

view N showing moraine spur

modern ship hauling site

view North at SW edge of beach

rock cache

view North, L2, LI and Concrete foundation

view ENE, test pit site

view NNE, W. Fitzhugh TP

view ENE, location of biface, chip and W. Fitzhugh TP

burial mound

view to North, W end of MA longhouse

view to North, middle of MA longhouse

view to North, E end of MA longhouse

view SW, under overhang

view SW, TP 3 and tile erosion area

view SW, TP 2, TP 1 and datum

view ca. 70° from near datum rock, TP 1 and TP2

view NW, area containing quartz debitage

view North, L3 and L4

view NE i

view W |

view NE, boulder caches and possible European burials

view NE, Crescent pit j

view NE

view NE, TP 2

view E, TP 1, Pitsiulak in background

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Natashquan j

Kegashka

La Romaine i

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Pointe Sealnet-1 i

Pointe Sealnet-1

Pointe Sealnet-2

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view E, boulder features/ structures

TP/ flaking station

view E, rectangular structure

view NE

view NW

view N, sand/ sod foundation

(view W, LI, L2, L3

view NE, LI

view S with flagging

_ ^ *** _ _ _

overhead view of excavated hearth

view N, rock structure

view S, rock structures

view North from next to chalet

view South,

MA burial mounds

Pierre Cousineau / Gratia Maloney collection

Pierre Cousineau/ Gratia Maloney collection

tiles/brick and glass

basque tile

Selma Barkahm near Basque Furnace

rock alignment

(structural rocks on beach

blanks stacked as they were found

(biface blank

1 biface blank close-up

Basque tiles

|MA site

MA site

(Morency collection

(Morency collection- "fish spear"

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(Basque site

|MA artifacts

(crescent shaped boulder structure

(sod foundations

longhouse ??

(hearth

EiBI-6

EhBI-1

EiBk-50

EiBk-51

EiBk-52

EiBI-7

: EiBI-7

ESBi-14

EiBi-14

EiBi-7

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EiBi-7 !

EiBh-47 j

EiBh-47

EiBh-59,60

EbDa-6

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EbCh-1

EdBt-3 •

EdBt-2

EdBt-3

EeBs-1

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LU

EeBr~13

EdBt-3

EhBn-3

EhBn-1

EiBk-51

EiBi-14

lie Verte !

lie Bilodeau

lie du Vieux Fort-1

He du Vieux Fort-2

lie du Vieux Fort-2

lie du Vieux Fort-3

Net Isl. Tickle